{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,7]],"date-time":"2026-05-07T22:07:40Z","timestamp":1778191660876,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":55,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668384000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The current study developed and evaluated the performance of a urine-based enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for the screening of <jats:italic>Schistosoma japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection in a human cohort (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> =\u2009412) recruited from endemic areas, Northern Samar, the Philippines. The diagnostic performance of the urine ELISA assay was further compared with the Kato-Katz (KK) technique, serum-based ELISA assays, point-of-care circulating cathodic antigen (POC-CCA) urine cassette test, and droplet digital (dd)PCR assays performed on feces, serum, urine, and saliva samples, which were designated as F_ddPCR, SR_ddPCR, U_ddPCR, and SL_ddPCR, respectively. When urine samples concentrated 16\u00d7 were assessed, the SjSAP4\u2009+\u2009Sj23-LHD-ELISA (U) showed sensitivity\/specificity values of 47.2\/93.8% for the detection of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection in KK-positive individuals (n\u2009=\u2009108). The prevalence of <jats:italic>S. japonicum<\/jats:italic> infection in the total cohort determined by the urine ELISA assay was 48.8%, which was lower than that obtained with the F_ddPCR (74.5%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001), SR_ddPCR (67.2%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001), and SjSAP4\u2009+\u2009Sj23-LHD-ELISA (S) (66.0%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001), but higher than that determined by the Sj23-LHD-ELISA (S) (24.5%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001), POC-CCA assay (12.4%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001), and SL_ddPCR (25.5%, <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.001). Using the other diagnostic tests as a reference, the urine ELISA assay showed a sensitivity between 47.2 and 56.9%, a specificity between 50.7 and 55.2%, and an accuracy between 49.3 and 53.4%. The concentrated urine SjSAP4\u2009+\u2009Sj23-LHD-ELISA developed in the current study was more sensitive than both the KK test and POC-CCA assay, and showed a comparable level of diagnostic accuracy to that of the U_ddPCR. However, its diagnostic performance was less robust than that of the F_ddPCR, SR_ddPCR, and SjSAP4\u2009+\u2009Sj23-LHD-ELISA (S) assays. Although they are convenient and involve a highly acceptable non-invasive procedure for clinical sample collection, the insufficient sensitivity of the three urine-based assays (the urine ELISA assay, the U_ddPCR test, and the POC-CCA assay) will limit their value for the routine screening of schistosomiasis japonica in the post mass drug administration (MDA) era, where low-intensity infections are predominant in many endemic areas.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051575","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]],"date-time":"2022-11-14T07:11:30Z","timestamp":1668409890000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":5,"title":["Diagnostic performance of a urine-based ELISA assay for the screening of human schistosomiasis japonica: A comparative study"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yi","family":"Mu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kosala G.","family":"Weerakoon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Remigio M.","family":"Olveda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Allen G.","family":"Ross","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donald P.","family":"McManus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Pengfei","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1017\/s0031182019001732","article-title":"An update on non-invasive urine diagnostics for human-infecting parasitic helminths: what more could be done and how?","volume":"147","author":"Archer","year":"2020","journal-title":"Parasitology"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.14202\/IJOH.2022.8-19","article-title":"The status of schistosomiasis japonica control in the Philippines: the need for an integrated approach to address a multidimensional problem","volume":"8","author":"Belizario","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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