{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:46:31Z","timestamp":1790804791493,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":36,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1668643200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["82073416"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["82073416"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    In recent years, many studies have shown that the gut microbiota can affect the occurrence and development of a variety of human diseases. A variety of skin diseases are related to the regulation of the gut\u2013skin axis, such as psoriasis, atopic dermatitis, and acne. Gut microbial dysbiosis can promote the development of these diseases. The gut microbiota can affect estrogen metabolism, \u03b2-glucuronidase secreted by the gut microbiota can promote the reabsorption of estrogen by the gut, and estrogen is transported to other parts of the body through the circulatory system. The occurrence and development of melasma are closely related to abnormal metabolism of estrogen. The relationship between the structure of the gut microbiota and melasma remains unclear. Epidemiological surveys were conducted in patients with melasma and healthy subjects (control group) in this study. The feces were collected for 16S rRNA sequencing analysis of the gut microbiota. To compare the similarities and differences in species diversity of the gut microbiota between these two groups, we calculated the \u03b1-diversity and \u03b2-diversity indices and analyzed the differences between them. We found that the abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Collinsella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Actinomyces<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (belonging to Actinobacteria),\n                    <jats:italic>Parabacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp.,\n                    <jats:italic>Paraprevotella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (belonging to Bacteroidetes),\n                    <jats:italic>Blautia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp., and\n                    <jats:italic>Roseburia<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. (belonging to Firmicutes) in the melasma group were significantly different compared with that in the healthy group. The largest difference was found in Actinobacteria (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05), and there were also significant differences in the abundance of Coriobacteriia, Actinobacteria, Coriobacteriales, Coriobacteriaceae, and\n                    <jats:italic>Collinsella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. between the two groups (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.05). Many of these differences in the microbiota were closely related to the production of \u03b2-glucuronidase and the regulation of estrogen synthesis or metabolism. Changes in the gut microbiota structure and the biological effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Collinsella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. in the microbiota in patients with melasma can play an important role in the occurrence and development of melasma by affecting the body\u2019s estrogen metabolism. This study provides a theoretical basis and experimental data reference for future studies on the relationship between the gut microbiota and melasma, and may be helpful for the prevention and treatment of melasma.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:44:14Z","timestamp":1668656654000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Correlation analysis between gut microbiota characteristics and melasma"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cong","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anye","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yaru","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhiqi","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-018-2943-4","article-title":"An insight into gut microbiota and its functionalities","volume":"76","author":"Adak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.maturitas.2017.06.025","article-title":"Estrogen-gut microbiome axis: physiological and clinical implications","volume":"103","author":"Baker","year":"2017","journal-title":"Maturitas"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00019-15","article-title":"Taxonomy, physiology, and natural products of Actinobacteria","volume":"80","author":"Barka","year":"2016","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dld.2018.02.012","article-title":"Actinobacteria: a relevant minority for the maintenance of gut homeostasis","volume":"50","author":"Binda","year":"2018","journal-title":"Dig. Liver Dis."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114515001786","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the gut microbiota--a randomised controlled trial in obese postmenopausal women","volume":"114","author":"Brahe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00452","DOI":"10.1128\/mSystems.00452-19","article-title":"Mouse gut microbiome-encoded \u03b2-Glucuronidases identified using metagenome analysis guided by protein","volume":"4","author":"Creekmore","year":"2019","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1854","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14661","article-title":"Effects of lactic acid bacteria-fermented soymilk on Isoflavone metabolites and short-chain fatty acids excretion and their modulating effects on gut microbiota","volume":"84","author":"Dai","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9020353","article-title":"Gut-skin axis: current knowledge of the interrelationship between microbial dysbiosis and skin conditions","volume":"9","author":"De Pessemier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"458","DOI":"10.1111\/jocd.12877","article-title":"Melasma: how hormones can modulate skin pigmentation","volume":"18","author":"Filoni","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cosmet. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"253","DOI":"10.1186\/1479-5876-10-253","article-title":"Fecal microbial determinants of fecal and systemic estrogens and estrogen metabolites: a cross-sectional study","volume":"10","author":"Flores","year":"","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e39745","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0039745","article-title":"Association of fecal microbial diversity and taxonomy with selected enzymatic functions","volume":"7","author":"Flores","year":"","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1401","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/125.6.1401","article-title":"Dietary modulation of the human colonic microbiota: introducing the concept of prebiotics","volume":"125","author":"Gibson","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4539","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1000066107","article-title":"A metagenomic \u03b2-glucuronidase uncovers a core adaptive function of the human intestinal microbiome","volume":"108","author":"Gloux","year":"2011","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9474896","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/9474896","article-title":"High fat diet alters gut microbiota and the expression of Paneth cell-antimicrobial peptides preceding changes of circulating inflammatory cytokines","volume":"2017","author":"Guo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Mediat. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3086","DOI":"10.1002\/ijc.32037","article-title":"Colitis-induced colorectal cancer and intestinal epithelial estrogen receptor beta impact gut microbiota diversity","volume":"144","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Cancer"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/s12263-017-0585-z","article-title":"Synbiotic effects of \u03b2-glucans from cauliflower mushroom and lactobacillus fermentum on metabolic changes and gut microbiome in estrogen-deficient rats","volume":"12","author":"Jeong","year":"2017","journal-title":"Genes Nutr."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00109-016-1492-2","article-title":"Microbiome and metabolic disease: revisiting the bacterial phylum Bacteroidetes","volume":"95","author":"Johnson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"648","DOI":"10.1111\/pcmr.12404","article-title":"Recent progress in melasma pathogenesis","volume":"28","author":"Lee","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pigment Cell Melanoma Res."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6915","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-9137-8","article-title":"Polymeric solvent engineering for gram\/liter scale production of a water-insoluble isoflavone derivative, (S)-equol","volume":"102","author":"Lee","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref21","first-page":"463","article-title":"Estrogen receptor expression in melasma: results from facial skin of affected patients","volume":"7","author":"Lieberman","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Drugs Dermatol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5763","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01182-13","article-title":"Diet complexity and estrogen receptor \u03b2 status affect the composition of the murine intestinal microbiota","volume":"79","author":"Menon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"592248","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.592248","article-title":"Gut microbial dysbiosis and plasma metabolic profile in individuals with vitiligo","volume":"11","author":"Ni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"78","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2009.10.051","article-title":"Reliability assessment and validation of the Melasma area and severity index (MASI) and a new modified MASI scoring method","volume":"64","author":"Pandya","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18559","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.RA118.005414","article-title":"Three structurally and functionally distinct \u03b2-glucuronidases from the human gut microbe Bacteroides uniformis","volume":"293","author":"Pellock","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"543","DOI":"10.1111\/1523-1747.ep12522896","article-title":"Endocrinologic profile of patients with idiopathic melasma","volume":"81","author":"P\u00e9rez","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"324","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2011.10.003","article-title":"Microbiome and malignancy","volume":"10","author":"Plottel","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1894070","article-title":"The impact of the gut microbiota on the reproductive and metabolic endocrine system","volume":"13","author":"Qi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01459","article-title":"The gut microbiome as a major regulator of the gut-skin Axis","volume":"9","author":"Salem","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"R42","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2012-13-6-r42","article-title":"Composition of the adult digestive tract bacterial microbiome based on seven mouth surfaces, tonsils, throat and stool samples","volume":"13","author":"Segata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.10.037","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: part I","volume":"68","author":"Shah","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.3390\/pathogens9060463","article-title":"Gut microbiome in psoriasis: an updated review","volume":"9","author":"Sikora","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathogens"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"211.e1-33; quiz 244-246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2012.10.036","article-title":"Cutaneous manifestations of gastrointestinal disease: part II","volume":"68","author":"Thrash","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e02223","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02223-18","article-title":"Metabolites involved in aerobic degradation of the a and B rings of estrogen","volume":"85","author":"Wu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1225","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.01.112","article-title":"Microbial degradation of steroidal estrogens","volume":"91","author":"Yu","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-019-1483-x","article-title":"Gut microbial beta-glucuronidase and glycerol\/diol dehydratase activity contribute to dietary heterocyclic amine biotransformation","volume":"19","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051653\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]],"date-time":"2022-11-17T03:44:16Z","timestamp":1668656656000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051653\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"references-count":36,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051653"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1051653","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,11,17]]},"article-number":"1051653"}}