{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,10]],"date-time":"2026-10-10T02:26:38Z","timestamp":1791599198687,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1671753600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Our previous research reported that supplementation of <jats:italic>Bacillus subtilis<\/jats:italic> DSM 25841 promoted growth and disease resistance of weaned pigs under enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC) challenge and its efficacy is comparable to carbadox. This follow-up study aimed to characterize the effects of ETEC infection, supplementing <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> DSM 25841 or carbadox on intestinal microbiota of pigs. Forty-eight weaned pigs (6.17 \u00b1 0.36 kg BW) were randomly allotted to one of four treatments: negative control (NC), positive control (PC), antibiotics (AGP, 50 mg\/kg of carbadox), and direct fed microbials (DFM, 2.56 \u00d7 10<jats:sup>9<\/jats:sup>\u2009 CFU\/kg of <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic>). The experiment lasted 28 days with 7 days before and 21 days after first <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> inoculation (day 0). Pigs in the PC, AGP, and DFM groups were orally inoculated with F18 ETEC for 3 consecutive days with 10<jats:sup>10<\/jats:sup>\u2009 CFU per dose per day. Fecal samples were collected on day \u22127, and day 7 and day 21 post inoculation, digesta samples were collected from jejunum, ileum, and distal colon on day 21 post inoculation to perform 16S rRNA sequencing. Sampling days and locations influenced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) Chao1 index and beta-diversity. Age increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Firmicutes but decreased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Bacteroidetes in feces. ETEC infection increased (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009 &amp;lt; 0.05) the relative abundance of Proteobacteria in feces on day 7 post inoculation. AGP reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) relative abundance of Firmicutes and <jats:italic>Lactobacillaceae<\/jats:italic> in feces compared with PC and DFM. AGP reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) relative abundance of <jats:italic>Bifidobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> in jejunum and ileum, while DFM reduced (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) relative abundance of <jats:italic>Actinomycetaceae<\/jats:italic> in jejunum and <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic> in ileum, compared with PC. Pigs fed with DFM had greater (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) relative abundance of <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Veillonellaceae<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Bifidobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> in jejunum, <jats:italic>Lactobacillaceae<\/jats:italic> in ileum and colon, and <jats:italic>Bifidobacteriaceae<\/jats:italic> in colon than pigs in AGP. Current results indicate that carbadox or <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> had stronger influences on microbial diversity and composition in ileum than other intestinal segments and feces. Supplementation of <jats:italic>B. subtilis<\/jats:italic> could increase or maintain the relative abundance of beneficial bacteria in ileum compared with carbadox.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.1064328","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]],"date-time":"2022-12-23T06:40:52Z","timestamp":1671777652000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Dietary supplementation of Bacillus subtilis or antibiotics modified intestinal microbiome of weaned pigs under enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Cynthia","family":"Jinno","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xunde","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanhong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,12,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1038\/nature09944","article-title":"Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome","volume":"473","author":"Arumugam","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.48550\/arXiv.1406.5823","article-title":"Fitting linear mixed-effects models using lme4","volume":"67","author":"Bates","year":"2014","journal-title":"arXiv preprint arXiv:1406.5823v1"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"151","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.08.010","article-title":"Implications of butyrate and its derivatives for gut health and animal production","volume":"4","author":"Bedford","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anim. 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