{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,8]],"date-time":"2026-10-08T14:09:01Z","timestamp":1791468541427,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":78,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]],"date-time":"2022-03-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647475200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance in <jats:italic>Neisseria gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> is an important global health concern. The genetically related commensal <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> act as a reservoir of resistance genes, and horizontal gene transfer (HGT) has been shown to play an important role in the genesis of resistance to cephalosporins and macrolides in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>. In this study, we evaluated if there was evidence of HGT in the genes <jats:italic>gyrA\/gyrB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parC\/parE<\/jats:italic> responsible for fluoroquinolone resistance. Even though the role of <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic> in quinolone resistance is unclear, the subunits <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic> were included as zoliflodacin, a promising new drug to treat <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> targets the <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic> subunit. We analyzed a collection of 20,047 isolates; 18,800 <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic>, 1,238 commensal <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> spp., and nine <jats:italic>Neisseria meningitidis<\/jats:italic>. Comparative genomic analyses identified HGT events in genes, <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>. Recombination events were predicted in <jats:italic>N. gonorrhoeae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Neisseria<\/jats:italic> commensals. <jats:italic>Neisseria lactamica<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Neisseria macacae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Neisseria mucosa<\/jats:italic> were identified as likely progenitors of the HGT events in <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>, respectively.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.793612","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,19]],"date-time":"2022-03-19T05:24:56Z","timestamp":1647667496000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":38,"title":["Horizontal Gene Transfer of Fluoroquinolone Resistance-Conferring Genes From Commensal Neisseria to Neisseria gonorrhoeae: A Global Phylogenetic Analysis of 20,047 Isolates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sheeba Santhini","family":"Manoharan-Basil","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalia","family":"Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jolein Gyonne Elise","family":"Laumen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chris","family":"Kenyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2847","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkab262","article-title":"Using a public database of Neisseria gonorrhoeae genomes to detect mutations associated with zoliflodacin resistance","volume":"76","author":"Adamson","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. 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