{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,11,25]],"date-time":"2025-11-25T20:41:02Z","timestamp":1764103262801,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1643241600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81671571","82001751"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81671571","82001751"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Background<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Helicobacter pylori<\/jats:italic> can cause many kinds of gastric disorders, ranging from gastritis to gastric cancer. Cytotoxin-associated gene A (CagA)<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> is more likely to cause gastric histopathologic damage than CagA<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>. However, the underlying mechanism needs to be further investigated.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Materials and methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mice were intragastrically administered equal amounts of CagA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> or CagA<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>. Four weeks later, 24 chemokines in stomachs were measured using a mouse chemokine array, and the phenotypes of the recruited gastric CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were analyzed. The migration pathway was evaluated. Finally, the correlation between each pair among the recruited CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell sub-population, <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> colonization level, and histopathologic damage score were determined by Pearson correlation analysis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The concentration of chemokines, CCL3 and CX3CL1, were significantly elevated in CagA<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-infected gastric mucosa than in CagA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-infected gastric mucosa. Among them, CX3CL1 secreted by gastric epithelial cells, which was elicited more effectively by CagA<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> than by the CagA<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> strain, dramatically promoted mucosal CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cell migration. The expression of CX3CR1, the only known receptor of CX3CL1, was upregulated on the surface of gastric CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells in CagA<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic>-infected stomach. In addition, most of the CX3CR1-positive gastric CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells were CD44<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD69<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup>CCR7<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup> effector memory T cells (Tem). Pearson correlation analysis showed that the recruited CX3CR1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tem cell population was negatively correlated with <jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> colonization level and histopathologic damage score.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>CagA<jats:sup>\u2013<\/jats:sup><jats:italic>H. pylori<\/jats:italic> promotes gastric mucosal CX3CR1<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup>CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> Tem recruitment in mice.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.813774","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]],"date-time":"2022-01-27T15:03:45Z","timestamp":1643295825000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Cytotoxin-Associated Gene A-Negative Helicobacter pylori Promotes Gastric Mucosal CX3CR1+CD4+ Effector Memory T Cell Recruitment in Mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Heqiang","family":"Sun","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Taojun","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yanan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hanmei","family":"Yuan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Jie","family":"Ning","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhenhua","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Xinli","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Chao","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,1,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI27177","article-title":"The neutrophil-activating protein of Helicobacter pylori promotes Th1 immune responses.","volume":"116","author":"Amedei","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. 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