{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:19:00Z","timestamp":1787026740148,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645747200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003453","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Guangdong Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003453","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), the world\u2019s most common chronic liver disease, is increasingly linked to gut dysbiosis. Paneth cells secrete antimicrobial peptides that regulate the gut microbiome, but their role in the pathogenesis of NAFLD remains unclear. Here, we determine the changes in NAFLD development and gut microbial composition and function\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    the injection of dithizone that can pharmacologically deplete the granules of Paneth cells. Eight-week-old C57BL\/6J male mice (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 31) were given a high-fat diet (HFD) or standard control diet for 12 weeks. Dithizone (10 mg\/kg) was intravenously injected every 3 weeks during the period of diet feeding. Metagenomic DNA was extracted from fecal samples for PacBio Single-Molecule Real-Time sequencing to identify changes in microbial composition and predicted function. We observed dithizone-treated HFD mice, when compared to non-treated HFD mice, to have significant reductions in hepatic triglyceride content (28.98 vs. 53.52 mg\/g,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0419); plasma insulin level (2.18 vs. 6.63 ng\/ml,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0079); and relative mRNA levels of fatty acid synthase (0.52 vs. 1.57,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0428) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase-1 (0.43 vs. 1.20,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0121). Bacterial taxonomic profiling found dithizone-treated HFD mice, when compared to non-treated HFD mice, had a lower\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes\/Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic>\n                    ratio (2.53 vs. 5.26,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0541); a higher relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides ASV21<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ASV42<\/jats:italic>\n                    (1.04 vs. 0.22%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0277 and 0.96 vs. 0.09%,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0213); and a reduction in microbes belonging to\n                    <jats:italic>Firmicutes<\/jats:italic>\n                    (all\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05).\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    species correlated positively with predicted microbial functions such as\n                    <jats:sc>L<\/jats:sc>\n                    -methionine (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.54,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0019) and tetrahydrofolate (\n                    <jats:italic>r<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.52,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.0029) biosynthesis. Collectively, dithizone treatment was associated with alleviation in the severity of liver steatosis in HFD mice, possibly through gut microbiome modulation involving the increase in\n                    <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>\n                    , suggesting microbiome-targeted therapies may have a role in the treatment of NAFLD.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.813783","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T04:50:04Z","timestamp":1645764604000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Alleviation of Hepatic Steatosis: Dithizone-Related Gut Microbiome Restoration During Paneth Cell Dysfunction"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Saisai","family":"Zhang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hein M.","family":"Tun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dengwei","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hau-Tak","family":"Chau","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fung-Yu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hin","family":"Kwok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Danny Ka-Ho","family":"Wong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lung-Yi","family":"Mak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Man-Fung","family":"Yuen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wai-Kay","family":"Seto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15718","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0407076101","article-title":"The gut microbiota as an environmental factor that regulates fat storage.","volume":"101","author":"Backhed","year":"2004","journal-title":"Proc. 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Immunol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2486","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.118.033714","article-title":"Bacteroides vulgatus and Bacteroides dorei Reduce Gut Microbial Lipopolysaccharide Production and Inhibit Atherosclerosis.","volume":"138","author":"Yoshida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2020.1782156","article-title":"Bifidobacterium longum alleviates irritable bowel syndrome-related visceral hypersensitivity and microbiota dysbiosis via Paneth cell regulation.","volume":"12","author":"Zhou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.813783\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]],"date-time":"2022-02-25T04:50:08Z","timestamp":1645764608000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.813783\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"references-count":51,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.813783"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.813783","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,25]]},"article-number":"813783"}}