{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T02:52:35Z","timestamp":1792205555794,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650240000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["BA 4730\/4-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BA 4730\/4-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"German Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KO 3552\/7-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KO 3552\/7-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Streptococcus suis<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>) is a common swine pathogen but also poses a threat to human health in causing meningitis and severe cases of streptococcal toxic shock-like syndrome (STSLS). Therefore, it is crucial to understand how <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> interacts with the host immune system during bacteremia. As <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> has the ability to introduce <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanine into its lipoteichoic acids (LTAs), we investigated the working hypothesis that cell wall modification by LTA <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation influences the interaction of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> with porcine blood immune cells. We created an isogenic mutant of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> strain 10 by in-frame deletion of the <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanine <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanyl carrier ligase (DltA). <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation of LTAs was associated with reduced phagocytosis of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> by porcine granulocytes, reduced deposition of complement factor C3 on the bacterial surface, increased hydrophobicity of streptococci, and increased resistance to cationic antimicrobial peptides (CAMPs). At the same time, survival of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> was not significantly increased by LTA <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation in whole blood of conventional piglets with specific IgG. However, we found a distinct cytokine pattern as IL-1\u03b2 but not tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-\u03b1 levels were significantly reduced in blood infected with the \u0394<jats:italic>dltA<\/jats:italic> mutant. In contrast to TNF-\u03b1, activation and secretion of IL-1\u03b2 are inflammasome-dependent, suggesting a possible influence of LTA <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation on inflammasome regulation. Especially in the absence of specific antibodies, the association of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> with porcine monocytes was reduced by <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation of its LTAs. This <jats:italic>dltA<\/jats:italic>-dependent phenotype was also observed with a non-encapsulated <jats:italic>dltA<\/jats:italic> double mutant indicating that it is independent of capsular polysaccharides. High antibody levels caused high levels of <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic>\u2014monocyte\u2014association followed by inflammatory cell death and strong production of both IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1, while the influence of LTA <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation of the streptococci became less visible. In summary, the results of this study expand previous findings on <jats:sc>d<\/jats:sc>-alanylation of LTAs in <jats:italic>S. suis<\/jats:italic> and suggest that this pathogen specifically modulates association with blood leukocytes through this modification of its surface.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.822369","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]],"date-time":"2022-04-18T05:28:48Z","timestamp":1650259728000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":14,"title":["d-Alanylation of Lipoteichoic Acids in Streptococcus suis Reduces Association With Leukocytes in Porcine Blood"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sophie","family":"\u00d6hlmann","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ann-Kathrin","family":"Krieger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicolas","family":"Gisch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marita","family":"Meurer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"de Buhr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maren","family":"von K\u00f6ckritz-Blickwede","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nicole","family":"Sch\u00fctze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christoph Georg","family":"Baums","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2672.2001.01463.x","article-title":"The gram-positive tonsillar and nasal flora of piglets before and after weaning","volume":"91","author":"Baele","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. 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