{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,24]],"date-time":"2026-07-24T13:18:04Z","timestamp":1784899084642,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":68,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1646697600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004837","name":"Ministerio de Ciencia e Innovaci\u00f3n","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["IDI-20141206"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["IDI-20141206"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004837","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The use of bifidobacteria as probiotics has proven to be beneficial in gastroenteric infections. Furthermore, prebiotics such as inulin can enhance the survival and growth of these bacteria. Two trials were performed to evaluate the effects of the administration of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic> subsp. <jats:italic>infantis<\/jats:italic> CECT 7210 and oligofructose-enriched inulin against <jats:italic>Salmonella enterica<\/jats:italic> serovar Typhimurium or enterotoxigenic <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> (ETEC) F4. A total of 72 (<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> trial) and 96 (ETEC F4 trial) weaned piglets were used in a 2\u2009\u00d7\u20092 design (with or without synbiotic, inoculated or not with the pathogen). After adaptation, animals were orally inoculated. Performance and clinical signs were evaluated. On days 4 and 8 (<jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> trial) and 3 and 7 (ETEC F4 trial) post-inoculation (PI), one animal per pen was euthanized. Blood, digestive content and tissue samples were collected and microbiological counts, fermentation products, serum inflammatory markers and ileum histomorphometry analysis were performed. Both challenges had an impact on faecal consistency (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), including the faecal shedding of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> and increased numbers of enterobacteria and coliforms. The synbiotic administration did not have any effect on pathogen loads but induced changes in the fermentation profile, such as increased valeric acid in both trials as well as decreased acetic acid, except for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>-challenged animals. The effect on propionate varied among trials, increasing in challenged synbiotic-treated pigs and decreasing in non-challenged ones in the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> trial (P interaction\u2009=\u20090.013), while the opposed occurred in the ETEC F4 trial (P interaction\u2009=\u20090.013). The administration of the synbiotic increased intraepithelial lymphocytes (IEL; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u20090.039) on day 8 PI in the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> trial and a similar trend occurred in non-challenged pigs in the ETEC F4 trial (P interaction\u2009=\u20090.086). The results did not provide evidence of reduced pathogen load with the synbiotic, although a modulation in fermentative activity could be identified depending on the challenge. Consistent increases were found in IEL, suggesting that this synbiotic combination has some immunomodulatory properties.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.831737","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]],"date-time":"2022-03-08T08:00:03Z","timestamp":1646726403000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Assessment of the Effects of the Synbiotic Combination of Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 and Oligofructose-Enriched Inulin Against Digestive Bacterial Infections in a Piglet Model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Agustina","family":"Rodr\u00edguez-Sorrento","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lorena","family":"Castillejos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paola","family":"L\u00f3pez-Colom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria","family":"Cifuentes-Orjuela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 A.","family":"Moreno-Mu\u00f1oz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Susana M.","family":"Mart\u00edn-Or\u00fae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","volume-title":"International Official Methods of Analysis of AOAC International","year":"1995"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"533","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.00533","article-title":"Evaluation of the probiotic strain Bifidobacterium longum subsp. infantis CECT 7210 capacities to improve health status and fight digestive pathogens in a piglet model","volume":"8","author":"Barba-Vidal","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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