{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T02:57:39Z","timestamp":1791946659450,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":80,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1645056000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Oral candidiasis remains a common problem in HIV-infected individuals, especially in sub-Saharan Africa. Here, we performed the first study in Chad on the prevalence of oral yeasts carriage and oral candidiasis in HIV-positive subjects from southern Chad and analyzed the influence of HAART, CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell numbers, and antimycotics in 589 patients. These patients were recruited from a specialized medical center for HIV patients in Sarh and from a rural medical health dispensary in the vicinity, including a total of 384 HIV-positive and 205 HIV-negative individuals. Yeasts obtained from oral specimen were identified by MALDI-TOF MS and their antifungal susceptibility profiles determined. The overall prevalence of yeast colonization and symptomatic oral candidiasis in HIV-infected patients was 25.1%. The prevalence of oral candidiasis was higher in untreated than in HAART-treated HIV-positive patients (16% vs. 2%; <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01). Oral candidiasis was furthermore associated with high fungal burdens of <jats:italic>Candida albicans<\/jats:italic> and a CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T-cell number &amp;lt;200\/\u03bcl. A shift toward non<jats:italic>-albicans Candida<\/jats:italic> species was observed under nucleoside-based HAART therapy. Azole antifungal drug resistance was only observed for the intrinsically resistant species <jats:italic>Candida krusei<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Candida glabrata<\/jats:italic>. Prevalence of oral candidiasis in the studied area was very low. The species distribution was similar to other countries around the world, with <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> being dominant. <jats:italic>Candida dubliniensis<\/jats:italic> was not isolated. Nucleoside-based HAART therapy significantly reduced oral colonization as well as occurrence of oral candidiasis caused by <jats:italic>C. albicans<\/jats:italic> and led to a species shift toward non-<jats:italic>albicans<\/jats:italic> species. Antifungal resistance was not yet a concern in Chad.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.844069","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]],"date-time":"2022-02-17T09:48:04Z","timestamp":1645091284000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":57,"title":["Epidemiology and Prevalence of Oral Candidiasis in HIV Patients From Chad in the Post-HAART Era"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Liliane","family":"Taverne-Ghadwal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin","family":"Kuhns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timo","family":"Buhl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marco H.","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weina Joseph","family":"Mbaitolum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lydia","family":"Kersch","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michael","family":"Weig","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Oliver","family":"Bader","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Uwe","family":"Gro\u00df","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,2,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2832","DOI":"10.12688\/f1000research.10327.2","article-title":"Candida antifungal drug resistance in sub-Saharan African populations: a systematic review","volume":"5","author":"Africa","year":"2017","journal-title":"F1000Res"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"276","DOI":"10.3109\/13693786.2011.604862","article-title":"Distribution of yeast species associated with oral lesions in HIV-infected patients in Southwest Uganda","volume":"50","author":"Agwu","year":"2012","journal-title":"Med. 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