{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,24]],"date-time":"2026-08-24T23:08:39Z","timestamp":1787612919747,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":74,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]],"date-time":"2022-03-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1647907200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028659"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["POCI-01-0145-FEDER-028659"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001871","name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o para a Ci\u00eancia e a Tecnologia","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SFRH\/BD\/138883\/2018"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SFRH\/BD\/138883\/2018"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001871","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic> and staphylococcal enterotoxins are a serious public health concern associated with hospital and community-acquired illnesses. Dairy animals frequently shed <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> into the milk supply which can lead to food poisoning in humans. This study aims to investigate the prevalence and genetic diversity of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> and staphylococcal enterotoxins in raw milk from the main dairy region of mainland Portugal. <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> was found in 53.0% (95% CI: 40.6\u201365.4%) of 100 raw cow\u2019s milk samples collected from bulk cooling tanks. The highest contamination level was 3.4 log10 CFU.mL<jats:sup>\u20131<\/jats:sup>, and in some samples more than one <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> strain was identified. Staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEA-SEE) were detected in one sample. Spa typing revealed 62 distinct <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates, being t529 (17.7%, 95% CI: 8.2\u201327.3%) and t1403 (16.1%, 95% CI: 7.0\u201325.3%) the predominant types, commonly associated with livestock infection or carriage. The antimicrobial susceptibility test showed that 35.5% of the <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> isolates were resistant to at least one antimicrobial agent, with resistance to penicillin being the highest (32.3%, 95% CI: 20.6\u201343.9%) followed by tetracycline (24.2%, 95% CI: 13.5\u201334.9%), ciprofloxacin (16.1%, 95% CI: 7.0\u201325.3%) and chloramphenicol (16.1%, 95% CI: 7.0\u201325.3%). Moreover, five isolates (8.1%, 95% CI: 1.3\u201314.8%) were identified as methicillin-resistant <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> (MRSA, cefoxitin resistant). Regarding virulence\/resistance genes, 46,8% (95% CI: 34.4\u201359.2%) isolates harbored at least one enterotoxin-encoding gene, and the <jats:italic>seg<\/jats:italic> gene was the most frequently detected (41.9%, 95% CI: 29.7\u201354.2%) followed by the <jats:italic>sei<\/jats:italic> (40.3%, 95% CI: 28.1\u201352.5%), <jats:italic>sec<\/jats:italic> (6.5%, 95% CI: 0.3\u201312.6%), <jats:italic>seh<\/jats:italic> (4.8%, 95% CI: 0.0\u201310.2%), and <jats:italic>sea<\/jats:italic> (1.6%, 95% CI: 0.0\u20134.7%) genes. Five (8.1%, 95% CI: 1.3\u201314.8%) non-enterotoxigenic isolates carried the <jats:italic>mecA<\/jats:italic> gene (corresponding to isolates phenotypically classified as MRSA), and 4.8% (95% CI: 0.0\u201310.2%) enterotoxigenic strains also had the <jats:italic>tsst-1<\/jats:italic> gene. Our study confirm that raw milk can be a zoonotic source of <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic>, including enterotoxigenic and MRSA strains. Furthermore, the majority of enterotoxigenic isolates were found to contain genes encoding SEs (SEG, SEH and SEI) not routinely screened. This shows the need for a broader SE screening in food safety control, as well as the relevance of risk mitigation measures to control <jats:italic>S. aureus<\/jats:italic> transmission along the food chain in Portugal.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.846653","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,28]],"date-time":"2022-03-28T16:23:58Z","timestamp":1648484638000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":46,"title":["Prevalence and Diversity of Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcal Enterotoxins in Raw Milk From Northern Portugal"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Oliveira","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eva","family":"Pinho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gon\u00e7alo","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno F.","family":"Azevedo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Almeida","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,3,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.3390\/toxins2071751","article-title":"Food Poisoning and Staphylococcus aureus Enterotoxins.","volume":"2","author":"Argud\u00edn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxins"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12879-017-2524-4","article-title":"Prevalence and molecular characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus, including methicillin resistant strains, isolated from bulk can milk and raw milk products in pastoral communities of South-West Uganda.","volume":"17","author":"Asiimwe","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Infect. 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