{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,7,30]],"date-time":"2025-07-30T16:03:41Z","timestamp":1753891421769,"version":"3.41.2"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1658188800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["81822042"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81822042"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Human infection with highly pathogenic H5N1 influenza virus causes severe respiratory diseases. Currently, the drugs against H5N1 are limited to virus-targeted inhibitors. However, drug resistance caused by these inhibitors is becoming a serious threat to global public health. An alternative strategy to reduce the resistance risk is to develop antiviral drugs targeting host cell proteins. In this study, we demonstrated that cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 (COX41) of host cell plays an important role in H5N1 infection. Overexpression of COX41 promoted viral replication, which was inhibited by silencing or knockout the expression of COX41 in the host cell. The ribonucleoproteins (RNPs) of H5N1 were retained in the cell nucleus after knockout cellular COX41. Strikingly, inhibition of cellular COX41 by lycorine, a small-molecule compound isolated from Amaryllidaceae plants, reduced the levels of COX41-induced ROS and phosphorylation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) in cells, thus resulting in the blockage of nuclear export of vRNP and inhibition of viral replication. In H5N1-infected mice that were treated with lycorine, we observed a reduction of viral titers and inhibition of pathological changes in the lung and trachea tissues. Importantly, no resistant virus was generated after culturing the virus with the continuous treatment of lycorine. Collectively, these findings suggest that COX41 is a positive regulator of H5N1 replication and might serve as an alternative target for anti-influenza drug development.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.862205","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]],"date-time":"2022-07-19T05:53:52Z","timestamp":1658210032000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Identification of cytochrome c oxidase subunit 4 isoform 1 as a positive regulator of influenza virus replication"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jun","family":"He","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huibin","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Huanan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yue","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yaolan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wencai","family":"Ye","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenbao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wei","family":"Tang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2548","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092548","article-title":"Cytochrome C oxidase subunit 4 (COX4): a potential therapeutic target for the treatment of medullary thyroid cancer","volume":"12","author":"Bikas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Cancers (Basel)."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.virol.2020.04.009","article-title":"Antiviral activity of lycorine against Zika virus in vivo and in vitro","volume":"546","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S529","DOI":"10.1093\/infdis\/jix003","article-title":"Highly pathogenic avian influenza A(H5N1) viruses at the animal-human interface in Vietnam, 2003-2010","volume":"216","author":"Creanga","year":"2017","journal-title":"J Infect Dis."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020452","article-title":"Upregulation of COX4-2 via HIF-1alpha in mitochondrial COX4-1 deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Douiev","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"913","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.02274-15","article-title":"A conserved inhibitory mechanism of a lycorine derivative against enterovirus and hepatitis C virus","volume":"60","author":"Guo","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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