{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T19:57:31Z","timestamp":1789243051218,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1655337600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021R1I1A3A04037486"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3A04037486"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002701","name":"Ministry of Education","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2014R1A6A1031189"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2014R1A6A1031189"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002701","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Uropathogenic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (UPEC) is a nosocomial pathogen associated with urinary tract infections and expresses several virulence factors that cause recurring infections and cystitis of the bladder, which can lead to pyelonephritis. UPEC uses different types of extracellular appendages like fimbriae and pili that aid colonization and adherence to bladder epithelium and can form persistent biofilm-like bacterial communities that aid its survival after the deployment of host immune responses. We investigated the antibiofilm, antimicrobial, and antivirulence properties of three indole derivatives namely, 4-chloroindole, 5-chloroindole, and 5-chloro 2-methyl indole. All the three chloroindoles had MICs of 75\u2009\u03bcg\/ml and inhibited biofilm formation by an average of 67% at 20\u2009\u03bcg\/ml. In addition, they inhibited swarming and swimming motilities, which are essential for dissemination from bacterial communities and colonization, reduced cell surface hydrophobicity, and inhibited indole production and curli formation. Gene expression analysis showed all three chloroindoles significantly downregulated the expressions of virulence genes associated with adhesion, stress regulation, and toxin production. A 3D-QSAR analysis revealed substitutions at the fourth and fifth positions of the indole moiety favored antimicrobial activity. Furthermore, these chloroindoles potently inhibited biofilm formation in other nosocomial pathogens and polymicrobial consortia.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.872943","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]],"date-time":"2022-06-16T05:13:15Z","timestamp":1655356395000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":32,"title":["Antibiofilm and Antimicrobial Activities of Chloroindoles Against Uropathogenic Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Bharath Reddy","family":"Boya","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin-Hyung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jintae","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"133603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.133603","article-title":"Effect of halogenated indoles on biofilm formation, virulence, and root surface colonization by Agrobacterium tumefaciens","volume":"293","author":"Ahmed","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"fty003","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty003","article-title":"Interaction between Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa is beneficial for colonisation and pathogenicity in a mixed biofilm","volume":"76","author":"Alves","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog. 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Nephrol."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0854.2004.00251.x","article-title":"Covert operations of uropathogenic Escherichia coli within the urinary tract","volume":"6","author":"Bower","year":"2005","journal-title":"Traffic"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2156","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102156","article-title":"Diversity of the Tryptophanase gene and its evolutionary implications in living organisms","volume":"9","author":"Boya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mircoorganisms"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"594126","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.594126","article-title":"Deploying microbial synthesis for halogenating and diversifying medicinal alkaloid scaffolds","volume":"8","author":"Bradley","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Bioeng. 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