{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,18]],"date-time":"2026-10-18T00:43:47Z","timestamp":1792284227906,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":71,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1649894400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Serotonin is a phylogenetically ancient compound found in animals, plants, and some bacteria. In eukaryotes, serotonin is synthesized from the aromatic amino acid tryptophan <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the key enzymes aromatic amino acid hydroxylase (AAAH) and aromatic amino acid decarboxylase (AAAD). Serotonin is also an intermediate in the melatonin biosynthetic pathway and is involved in several vital functions. In humans, serotonin is produced in the gut and in the brain, is critical in the regulation of multiple body functions, and its depletion has been implicated in multiple neurological disorders including depression and Alzheimer\u2019s disease, as well as other peripheral conditions namely irritable bowel syndrome and fibromyalgia. The serotonin biosynthetic pathway is well described in eukaryotes, but very little is known about this pathway in bacteria. Evidence points to similar pathways since eukaryote-like AAAH and AAAD (and their genes) have been identified in multiple bacteria, even though serotonin production has not yet been detected in most species. Although data on bacterial tryptophan decarboxylase genes are very limited and no bacterial tryptophan hydroxylase genes have been identified to date, evidence suggests that serotonin production in bacteria might occur through different AAAH and AAAD. Substrate promiscuity in these enzymes has been previously reported and seems to be the key aspect in bacterial serotonin synthesis. Considering the human gut microbiota as a potential source of serotonin, further investigation on its biosynthetic pathways in microbes might lead to important discoveries, which may ultimately foster the development of new therapeutic strategies to treat serotonin depletion-related disorders in humans.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873555","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T13:52:21Z","timestamp":1649944341000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":64,"title":["Enzyme Promiscuity in Serotonin Biosynthesis, From Bacteria to Plants and Humans"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Sara","family":"Gon\u00e7alves","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Nunes-Costa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sandra Morais","family":"Cardoso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuno","family":"Empadinhas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John David","family":"Marugg","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-695X.2008.00511.x","article-title":"Chlamydia pneumoniae encodes a functional aromatic amino acid hydroxylase","volume":"55","author":"Abromaitis","year":"2009","journal-title":"FEMS Immunol. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-374105-9.00001-0","article-title":"Serotonin and tryptophan","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Movement Disorders","author":"Athar","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1016\/S0074-7742(06)77002-7","article-title":"Serotonin and brain: evolution, neuroplasticity, and homeostasis","volume":"77","author":"Azmitia","year":"2007","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"426","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12364","article-title":"Melatonin biosynthesis in plants: multiple pathways catalyze tryptophan to melatonin in the cytoplasm or chloroplasts","volume":"61","author":"Back","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107423","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2019.107423","article-title":"Inhibition of serotonin synthesis: A novel therapeutic paradigm","volume":"205","author":"Bader","year":"2019","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"56","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2018.06.008","article-title":"Serotonin in the gut: blessing or a curse","volume":"161","author":"Banskota","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.med.60.042307.110802","article-title":"The expanded biology of serotonin","volume":"60","author":"Berger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Med."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"925","DOI":"10.1038\/174925a0","article-title":"5-Hydroxytryptamine: its occurrence in Cowhage","volume":"174","author":"Bowden","year":"1954","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2007.00922.x","article-title":"Biogenic amine-forming microbial communities in cheese","volume":"276","author":"Burdychova","year":"2007","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25594","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.40.25594","article-title":"Phenylalanine hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum","volume":"273","author":"Chen","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1221","DOI":"10.1210\/me.2014-1108","article-title":"Minireview: gut microbiota: the neglected endocrine organ","volume":"28","author":"Clarke","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuchi.2015.03.002","article-title":"Melatonin: physiological effects in humans","volume":"61","author":"Claustrat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Neurochirurgie"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fm.2003.10.004","article-title":"Identification of the gene encoding a putative tyrosine decarboxylase of Carnobacterium divergens 508. Development of molecular tools for the detection of tyramine-producing bacteria","volume":"21","author":"Coton","year":"2004","journal-title":"Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-803239-8.00008-9","article-title":"Behavioral medical epigenetics","volume-title":"Medical Epigenetics","author":"Cox","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1668","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.15012","article-title":"Microbial production of beneficial indoleamines (serotonin and melatonin) with potential application to biotechnological products for human health","volume":"131","author":"Danilovich","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800050-2.00002-4","article-title":"Serotonin in plants: origin, functions, and implications","volume-title":"Serotonin","author":"Erland","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2521","DOI":"10.4315\/0362-028X-67.11.2521","article-title":"Sequencing of the tyrosine decarboxylase cluster of Lactococcus lactis IPLA 655 and the development of a PCR method for detecting tyrosine decarboxylating lactic acid bacteria","volume":"67","author":"Fernandez","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Food Prot."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.biochem.68.1.355","article-title":"Tetrahydropterin-dependent amino acid hydroxylases","volume":"68","author":"Fitzpatrick","year":"1999","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2064","DOI":"10.1038\/s41564-019-0540-4","article-title":"Intestinal serotonin and fluoxetine exposure modulate bacterial colonization in the gut","volume":"4","author":"Fung","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1261","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2014.7000","article-title":"The gut microbiome and the brain","volume":"17","author":"Galland","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1472-765X.1998.00320.x","article-title":"Biogenic amine production by wild lactococcal and leuconostoc strains","volume":"26","author":"Gonz\u00e1lez de Llano","year":"1998","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/B0-12-443710-9\/00621-9","article-title":"Serotonin receptor signaling","volume-title":"Encyclopedia of Biological Chemistry.","author":"Gresch","year":"2004"},{"key":"ref23","first-page":"300","article-title":"Serotonin","volume-title":"Basic Neurochemistry","author":"Hensler","year":"1999"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2006.12.008","article-title":"Catabolism of phenylalanine by pseudomonas putida: the NtrC-family PhhR regulator binds to two sites upstream from the phhA gene and stimulates transcription with \u03c370","volume":"366","author":"Herrera","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.3389\/fnagi.2014.00127","article-title":"Pathogenic microbes, the microbiome, and Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD)","volume":"6","author":"Hill","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Aging Neurosci."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2018.03.020","article-title":"Serotonin as a link between the gut-brain-microbiome axis in autism spectrum disorders","volume":"132","author":"Israelyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"746392","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2021.746392","article-title":"Phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase contributes to endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens\u2019 melatonin biosynthesis","volume":"12","author":"Jiao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2009","DOI":"10.1007\/s00299-007-0405-9","article-title":"Characterization of tryptamine 5-hydroxylase and serotonin synthesis in rice plants","volume":"26","author":"Kang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref29","author":"Kanwal","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2189","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)53980-6","article-title":"A pathogen-responsive gene of parsley encodes tyrosine decarboxylase","volume":"268","author":"Kawalleck","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-biochem-030409-143718","article-title":"Enzyme promiscuity: a mechanistic and evolutionary perspective","volume":"79","author":"Khersonsky","year":"2010","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Biochem."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiosc.2009.04.002","article-title":"Enhancement of l-tryptophan 5-hydroxylation activity by structure-based modification of l-phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase from Chromobacterium violaceum","volume":"108","author":"Kino","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Biosci. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2016.05.037","article-title":"Serotonin activates bacterial quorum sensing and enhances the virulence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa in the host","volume":"9","author":"Knecht","year":"2016","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2965","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.062463-0","article-title":"Eukaryotic-type aromatic amino acid decarboxylase from the root colonizer Pseudomonas putida is highly specific for 3,4-dihydroxyphenyl-l-alanine, an allelochemical in the rhizosphere","volume":"158","author":"Koyanagi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21973","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M610174200","article-title":"Structure of phenylalanine hydroxylase from Colwellia psychrerythraea 34H, a monomeric cold active enzyme with local flexibility around the active site and high overall stability","volume":"282","author":"Leiros","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1021\/sb5002505","article-title":"Engineering bacterial phenylalanine 4-hydroxylase for microbial synthesis of human neurotransmitter precursor 5-hydroxytryptophan","volume":"3","author":"Lin","year":"2014","journal-title":"ACS Synth. Biol."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1003726","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1003726","article-title":"Microbial endocrinology in the microbiome-gut-brain axis: how bacterial production and utilization of neurochemicals influence behavior","volume":"9","author":"Lyte","year":"2013","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2068","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.02068","article-title":"Endophytic bacterium Pseudomonas fluorescens RG11 may transform tryptophan to melatonin and promote endogenous melatonin levels in the roots of four grape cultivars","volume":"7","author":"Ma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"606","DOI":"10.1002\/med.21628","article-title":"Melatonin mediates mucosal immune cells, microbial metabolism, and rhythm crosstalk: a therapeutic target to reduce intestinal inflammation","volume":"40","author":"Ma","year":"2019","journal-title":"Med. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"448","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2010.500545","article-title":"Tyramine and phenylethylamine biosynthesis by food bacteria","volume":"52","author":"Marcobal","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-12-800050-2.00007-3","article-title":"Cellular regulation of peripheral serotonin","volume-title":"Serotonin","author":"Martin","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/898045","article-title":"Bioactive compounds derived from the yeast metabolism of aromatic amino acids during alcoholic fermentation","volume":"2014","author":"Mas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"762","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6308760","article-title":"Entamoeba histolytica causes intestinal secretion: role of serotonin","volume":"221","author":"McGowan","year":"1983","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"15591","DOI":"10.1021\/bi015722x","article-title":"Conformation of the substrate and Pterin cofactor bound to human tryptophan hydroxylase. Important role of Phe313 in substrate specificity","volume":"40","author":"McKinney","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochemistry"},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-1-78242-015-6.00012-8","article-title":"Controlling the formation of biogenic amines in fermented foods","volume-title":"Advances in Fermented Foods and Beverages","author":"Mohedano","year":"2015"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1002\/elsc.201700064","article-title":"Protein and pathway engineering for the biosynthesis of 5-hydroxytryptophan in Escherichia coli","volume":"17","author":"Mora-Villalobos","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eng. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1007\/s002990000206","article-title":"Tryptophan is a precursor for melatonin and serotonin biosynthesis in in vitro regenerated St. John\u2019s wort (Hypericum perforatum L. cv. Anthos) plants","volume":"19","author":"Murch","year":"2000","journal-title":"Plant Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2531","DOI":"10.1080\/00021369.1987.10868402","article-title":"Inhibition of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase from micrococcus percitreus by substrate analogs","volume":"51","author":"Nakazawa","year":"1987","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2241","DOI":"10.1080\/00021369.1977.10862842","article-title":"Distribution and formation of aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in bacteria","volume":"41","author":"Nakazawa","year":"1977","journal-title":"Agric. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2014.07.027","article-title":"Serotonin, tryptophan metabolism and the brain-gut-microbiome axis","volume":"277","author":"O\u2019Mahony","year":"2015","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.1007\/s00217-004-0988-0","article-title":"Production of biogenic amines by Morganella morganii, Klebsiella pneumoniae and Hafnia alvei using a rapid HPLC method","volume":"219","author":"\u00d6zo\u011ful","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. Food Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.3136\/fstr.18.795","article-title":"The function of lactic acid bacteria on biogenic amines production by food-borne pathogens in arginine decarboxylase broth","volume":"18","author":"\u00d6zogul","year":"2012","journal-title":"Food Sci. Technol. Res."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315369334-9","article-title":"Serotonin and melatonin in plant growth and development","volume-title":"Serotonin and Melatonin","author":"Pelagio-Flores","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1042\/bj1000169","article-title":"The production of tryptamine from tryptophan by Bacillus cereus (KVT)","volume":"100","author":"Perley","year":"1966","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2695","DOI":"10.1002\/pmic.200800780","article-title":"First evidence of a membrane-bound, tyramine and \u03b2-phenylethylamine producing, tyrosine decarboxylase in enterococcus faecalis: A two-dimensional electrophoresis proteomic study","volume":"9","author":"Pessione","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proteomics"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-021-01064-9","article-title":"The roles of serotonin in neuropsychiatric disorders","author":"Pourhamzeh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1243","DOI":"10.1016\/S0021-9258(18)57137-4","article-title":"Serum vasoconstrictor, serotonin; isolation and characterization","volume":"176","author":"Rapport","year":"1948","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1038\/nrgastro.2017.51","article-title":"Non-conventional features of peripheral serotonin signalling\u2014the gut and beyond","volume":"14","author":"Spohn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12336","article-title":"On the significance of an alternate pathway of melatonin synthesis via 5-methoxytryptamine: comparisons across species","volume":"61","author":"Tan","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1823","DOI":"10.1042\/BCJ20160510","article-title":"Introduction to the human gut microbiota","volume":"474","author":"Thursby","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-08294-y","article-title":"Gut bacterial tyrosine decarboxylases restrict levels of levodopa in the treatment of Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"10","author":"van Kessel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref62","first-page":"117","article-title":"Melatonin-identification of a potential dark signal in plants","volume":"102","author":"Vantassel","year":"1993","journal-title":"Plant Physiol."},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e12429","DOI":"10.1111\/jpi.12429","article-title":"Plant mitochondria synthesize melatonin and enhance the tolerance of plants to drought stress","volume":"63","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Pineal Res."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"CD010292","DOI":"10.1002\/14651858.CD010292.pub2","article-title":"Serotonin and noradrenaline reuptake inhibitors (SNRIs) for fibromyalgia","volume":"2020","author":"Welsch","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2014.09.001","article-title":"Discovery and characterization of gut microbiota decarboxylases that can produce the neurotransmitter tryptamine","volume":"16","author":"Williams","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D608","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkx1089","article-title":"HMDB 4.0: the human metabolome database for 2018","volume":"46","author":"Wishart","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1092","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2018-00283","article-title":"Emerging roles for serotonin in regulating metabolism: new implications for an ancient molecule","volume":"40","author":"Yabut","year":"2019","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2015.02.047","article-title":"Indigenous bacteria from the gut microbiota regulate host serotonin biosynthesis","volume":"161","author":"Yano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pep.2013.10.018","article-title":"Tyrosine decarboxylase from lactobacillus brevis: soluble expression and characterization","volume":"94","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Protein Expr. Purif."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.91.4.1366","article-title":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa possesses homologues of mammalian phenylalanine hydroxylase and 4 alpha-carbinolamine dehydratase\/DCoHas part of a three-component gene cluster","volume":"91","author":"Zhao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2019.00249","article-title":"Melatonin synthesis and function: evolutionary history in animals and plants","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873555\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]],"date-time":"2022-04-14T13:52:28Z","timestamp":1649944348000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873555\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"references-count":71,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873555"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873555","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,14]]},"article-number":"873555"}}