{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T00:08:24Z","timestamp":1790726904663,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":64,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1651795200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100003725","name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["NRF-2021R1A2C2005907"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["NRF-2021R1A2C2005907"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100003725","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Global spread of <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> strains carrying the mobilized colistin resistance gene <jats:italic>mcr-1.1<\/jats:italic> (MCR1-EC) poses serious threats to public health. Colistin has been generally prescribed for swine colibacillosis, having made swine farms as major reservoirs of MCR1-EC. The present study aimed to understand characteristic differences of MCR1-EC, including prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, and virulence, according to swine production stages. In addition, genetic relatedness was evaluated between MCR1-EC isolated from this study as well as pig-, human-, and chicken-derived strains published in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), based on the multi-locus sequence types (MLSTs) and whole-genome sequences (WGS). Individual fecal samples (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\u2009=\u2009331) were collected from asymptomatic weaning-piglets, growers, finishers, and sows from 10 farrow-to-finishing farms in South Korea between 2017 and 2019. The weighted prevalence of MCR1-EC was 11.6% (95% CI: 8.9%\u201315.0%, 55\/331), with the highest prevalence at weaning stage. The 96.2% of MCR1-EC showed multi-drug resistance. Notably, weaning stage-derived MCR1-EC showed higher resistance rates (e.g., against extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactams or quinolones) than those from other stages. MCR1-EC with virulence advantages (e.g., intestinal\/extraintestinal pathogenic <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> or robust biofilm formation) were identified from all pig stages, accounting for nearly half of the total strains. WGS-based in-depth characterization showed that intestinal pathogenic MCR1-EC harbored multi-drug resistance and multiple virulence factors, which were highly shared between strains isolated from pigs of different stages. The clonal distribution of MCR1-EC was shared within swine farms but rarely across farms. The major clonal type of MCR1-EC from swine farms and NCBI database was ST10-A. Core genomes of MCR1-EC isolated from individuals within closed environments (same farms or human hospitals) were highly shared (genetic distance\u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.01), suggesting a high probability of clonal expansion of MCR1-EC within closed environments such as livestock husbandry. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to analyze the differences in the characteristics and clonal distribution of MCR1-EC according to production stages in swine farms, an important reservoir of MCR1-EC. Our results highlight the need to establish MCR1-EC control plans in swine farms based on an in-depth understanding of MCR1-EC characteristics according to swine production stages, focusing especially on the weaning stages.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.873856","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]],"date-time":"2022-05-06T07:44:21Z","timestamp":1651823061000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Prevalence, Characteristics, and Clonal Distribution of Escherichia coli Carrying Mobilized Colistin Resistance Gene mcr-1.1 in Swine Farms and Their Differences According to Swine Production Stages"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Soomin","family":"Lee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Uk","family":"An","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"JungHa","family":"Woo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hyokeun","family":"Song","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saehah","family":"Yi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Woo-Hyun","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ju-Hoon","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sangryeol","family":"Ryu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Seongbeom","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-1-22","article-title":"Adhesive threads of extraintestinal pathogenic Escherichia coli","volume":"1","author":"Antao","year":"2009","journal-title":"Gut Pathog"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1016\/j.trstmh.2005.06.027","article-title":"Evaluation of a rapid screening method for detection of antimicrobial resistance in the commensal microbiota of the gut","volume":"100","author":"Bartoloni","year":"2006","journal-title":"Trans. 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