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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>The prevalence of latent tuberculosis infection (LTBI) among diabetes patients is poorly studied. In the present study, the prevalence of LTBI among pre-diabetes and diabetes patients was studied, along with immunoendocrine biomarkers (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 804).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>LTBI was screened by Quantiferon TB gold in Normal glucose tolerance [(NGT); <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 170, [Pre-diabetes (PDM; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 209), Newly diagnosed diabetes (NDM; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 165) and Known diabetes (KDM; <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 260) subjects. CRP, TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-1\u03b2, IFN-\u03b2, IL-12, IFN-\u03b3, IL-2, insulin, leptin, and adiponectin levels in serum and IFN-\u03b3 levels in quantiferon supernatants were quantified by ELISA. The expression of T-bet was quantified using qRT-PCR. Serum TBARS and nitrite levels were quantified by colorimetry.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The LTBI prevalence was 32% in NGT, 23% in PDM, 24% in NDM, and 32% in KDM groups, with an adjusted OR of 0.61 (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Downregulation of CRP, TNF-\u03b1, and nitrites and upregulation of adiponectin could be responsible for LTBI mediated protection against insulin resistance (IR), while the high levels of IL-1\u03b2, IL-12, and leptin could be responsible for IR mediated anti-TB immunity. The defective antigen-specific IFN-\u03b3 response, as seen in the KDM group, could be responsible for the low detection rate of LTBI and high probability of endogenous reactivation.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>There appears to be a biphasic relationship between diabetes-latent tuberculosis: At the early stages of diabetes it is reciprocal, while at a late stage it is synergistic, this important phenomenon obviously needs further research.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.884374","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]],"date-time":"2022-06-27T07:10:40Z","timestamp":1656313840000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Unique Reciprocal Association Seen Between Latent Tuberculosis Infection and Diabetes Is Due to Immunoendocrine Modulation (DM-LTB-1)"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Vivekanandhan","family":"Aravindhan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Anup","family":"Bobhate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kuppan","family":"Sathishkumar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aruna","family":"Patil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Satyavani","family":"Kumpatla","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Vijay","family":"Viswanathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"339","DOI":"10.1530\/JME-17-0096","article-title":"Adiponectin improves insulin sensitivity via activation of autophagic flux","volume":"59","author":"Ahlstrom","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. 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