{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T23:33:29Z","timestamp":1790465609072,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":49,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1650844800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Non-antibiotic measures are needed to reduce the rate of infections due to multidrug-resistant organisms (MDROs), including by eliminating the commensal reservoir that underlies such strains\u2019 dissemination and leads to recurrent infections. Here, we tested a cocktail of pre-selected bacteriophages and an engineered microcin C7-producing probiotic\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    Nissle-1917 strain for their ability to reduce gut colonization by an\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    strain from sequence type 131 (ST131)-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R, which is the major clonal group of MDROs among extraintestinal clinical\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates. Although the bacteriophage cocktail was highly effective against ST131-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R strains both\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and in a murine model of subcutaneous sepsis, it was only weakly and transiently effective against gut colonization by the target ST131-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R strain (0.5\u2009log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    decrease on\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u20091:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001; no significant effect on\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u20094 and beyond). The probiotic strain, while also highly active against ST131-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    , was ineffective against ST131-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R gut colonization despite its abundant presence in feces. Nonetheless, despite failing as decolonizing agents when administered separately, when co-administered the bacteriophage cocktail and probiotic strain exhibited striking synergy against ST131-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R gut colonization. This combinatory effect was most pronounced on\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u20091 (3.3 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    target strain decrease:\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001), and persisted until\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u20097 (0.5 log\n                    <jats:sub>10<\/jats:sub>\n                    decrease;\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.02.). Although by\n                    <jats:italic>d<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009+\u200910 the ST131-\n                    <jats:italic>H<\/jats:italic>\n                    30R load was fully restored, these findings provide proof of concept for combined bacteriophage-plus-probiotic administration to reduce or, possibly, to prevent gut colonization with MDROs in high-risk individuals.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.887799","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T08:36:38Z","timestamp":1650875798000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":35,"title":["Bacteriophage Cocktail and Microcin-Producing Probiotic Escherichia coli Protect Mice Against Gut Colonization With Multidrug-Resistant Escherichia coli Sequence Type 131"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Stephen B.","family":"Porter","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian D.","family":"Johnston","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dagmara","family":"Kisiela","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Connie","family":"Clabots","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Evgeni V.","family":"Sokurenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"James R.","family":"Johnson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.4161\/bioe.23574","article-title":"Bioengineered probiotics, a strategic approach to control enteric infections","volume":"4","author":"Amalaradjou","year":"2013","journal-title":"Bioengineered"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.2147\/NSA.S325594","article-title":"Bacterial biofilm destruction: a focused review on the recent use of phage-based strategies with other antibiofilm agents","volume":"14","author":"Amankwah","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nanotechnol. 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A."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11891","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gku880","article-title":"Ribosome-controlled transcription termination is essential for the production of antibiotic microcin C","volume":"42","author":"Zukher","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.887799\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]],"date-time":"2022-04-25T08:36:44Z","timestamp":1650875804000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.887799\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"references-count":49,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.887799"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.887799","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,4,25]]},"article-number":"887799"}}