{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T10:43:27Z","timestamp":1790851407050,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1652918400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Diarrheal disease remains a major global health problem particularly in children under 5\u2009years and the emergence of antibiotic-resistant strains of causative pathogens could slow control efforts, particularly in settings where treatment options are limited. This surveillance study conducted in Ghana aimed to determine the prevalence and antimicrobial susceptibility profile of diarrhea-causing bacteria. This was a cross-sectional study carried out in five health facilities in the Ga West Municipality of Ghana between 2017 and 2021. Diarrheic stool samples from patients were collected and cultured on standard differential\/selective media and isolates identified by standard biochemical tests, MALDI-TOF assay, and serological analysis. The antibiogram was determined using Kirby-Bauer disk diffusion and Microscan autoScan4 MIC panels which were used for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) detection. Bacteria were isolated from 97.5% (772\/792) of stool samples, and 167 of the isolates were diarrheagenic and met our inclusion criteria for antimicrobial resistance (AMR) analysis. These included\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    (49.1%, 82\/167),\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (23.9%, 40\/167),\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (16.8%, 28\/167), and\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    species (10.2%, 17\/167). Among 24\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    species, we observed resistances to cefotaxime (21\/24, 87.5%), ceftriaxone (20\/24, 83.3%), and ciprofloxacin (6\/24, 25%), including four multi-drug resistant isolates. All 13\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio parahaemolyticus<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were resistant to cefazolin. All 17\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were resistant to tetracycline with resistance to shigellosis drugs such as norfloxacin and ciprofloxacin.\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    isolates were highly susceptible to norfloxacin (40\/40, 100%) and tetracycline (12\/34, 35%). Two ESBL-producing\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    were also identified with marked susceptibility to gentamicin (66\/72, 91.7%) and amikacin (57\/72, 79.2%) prescribed in the treatment of\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    infections. This study showed the different bacteria implicated in diarrhea cases in Ghana and the need for differential diagnoses for better treatment outcomes.\n                    <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    ,\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    , and\n                    <jats:italic>Vibrio<\/jats:italic>\n                    have all been implicated in diarrhea cases in Ghana. The highest prevalence was\n                    <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    with\n                    <jats:italic>Shigella<\/jats:italic>\n                    the least prevalent. Resistance to commonly used drugs found in these isolates may render bacteria infection treatment in the near future nearly impossible. Routine antimicrobial susceptibility testing, effective monitoring, and nationwide surveillance of AMR pathogens should be implemented to curb the increase of antimicrobial resistance in Ghana.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.894319","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]],"date-time":"2022-05-19T11:00:07Z","timestamp":1652958007000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":29,"title":["Diarrhea-Causing Bacteria and Their Antibiotic Resistance Patterns Among Diarrhea Patients From Ghana"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Theophilus","family":"Afum","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Diana Asema","family":"Asandem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Prince","family":"Asare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adwoa","family":"Asante-Poku","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gloria Ivy","family":"Mensah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abdul Basit","family":"Musah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Opare","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kiyosi","family":"Taniguchi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nuhu Muniru","family":"Guinko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thelma","family":"Aphour","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Doris","family":"Arhin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Koichi","family":"Ishikawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tetsuro","family":"Matano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taketoshi","family":"Mizutani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Franklin","family":"Asiedu-Bekoe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hiroshi","family":"Kiyono","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abraham Kwabena","family":"Anang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kwadwo Ansah","family":"Koram","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorothy","family":"Yeboah-Manu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,5,19]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1093\/heapol\/czv048","article-title":"A retrospective audit of antibiotic prescriptions in primary health-care facilities in eastern region, Ghana","volume":"31","author":"Ahiabu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Health Policy Plan."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-017-2621-x","article-title":"Prevalence of enteric infections among hospitalized patients in two referral hospitals in Ghana","volume":"10","author":"Akuffo","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Res. 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