{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,12]],"date-time":"2026-03-12T02:35:12Z","timestamp":1773282912651,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":37,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Mycoplasma salivarium<\/jats:italic>, an oral commensal organism, can cause severe invasive infections in immunocompromised individuals. Currently there is no treatment guidance for such infections. We performed antimicrobial susceptibility tests on 39 commensal and invasive <jats:italic>M. salivarium<\/jats:italic> isolates and investigated the mechanisms of antimicrobial resistance. Clindamycin was the most active agent [minimum inhibition concentration (MIC) range: 0.004\u2013128\u2009mg\/L, MIC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.031\u2009mg\/L, MIC<jats:sub>90<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.125\u2009mg\/ml], followed by tetracycline and levofloxacin. All isolates were resistant to erythromycin (MIC \u22654\u2009mg\/L) due to the presence of 2057A (<jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> numbering) in 23S rRNA. Three isolates with elevated clindamycin MICs (\u22658\u2009mg\/L) harbored A2058T\/G mutations in <jats:italic>23S rRNA<\/jats:italic> gene; four sequential isolates from one patient developed C2611T and A2059G mutations accompanying the increase of clindamycin MICs. Five isolates with elevated tetracycline MICs (\u22654\u2009mg\/L) had mutations in <jats:italic>16S rRNA<\/jats:italic> gene (A965G\/T, G966T, or A967C\/T) and one of them harbored <jats:italic>TetM<\/jats:italic>. Nine isolates with elevated levofloxacin MICs (\u22654\u2009mg\/L) had one or more mutations in <jats:italic>gyrA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>gyrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>parC<\/jats:italic>, or <jats:italic>parE<\/jats:italic>. Susceptibility breakpoints for clindamycin, tetracycline and levofloxacin were suggested to be \u22640.125, \u22642, and \u22642\u2009mg\/L, respectively. Antimicrobial resistance to any of the three agents (clindamycin, tetracycline, or levofloxacin) was documented in 12 (34.3%) non-duplicate isolates, of which 10 were invasive. Levofloxacin resistance was most frequent (25.7%). Multi-drug resistance was also observed (14.3%). This study demonstrates the frequent occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in <jats:italic>M. salivarium<\/jats:italic>, emphasizing the need for culture and susceptibility testing to guide antimicrobial therapy.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.914464","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T06:00:16Z","timestamp":1659333616000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Antimicrobial susceptibilities and mechanisms of resistance of commensal and invasive Mycoplasma salivarium isolates"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Li","family":"Xiao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arthur H.","family":"Totten","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Donna M.","family":"Crabb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Thomas Prescott","family":"Atkinson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ken B.","family":"Waites","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1136\/pgmj.54.628.65","article-title":"Penetration into bone and tissues of clindamycin phosphate","volume":"54","author":"Baird","year":"1978","journal-title":"Postgrad. 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