{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T14:11:18Z","timestamp":1787062278897,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659398400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Background<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>Severe community-acquired pneumonia (SCAP) is the main cause of mortality in immunocompromised patients. Compared with conventional microbiological tests (CMT), metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) can quickly and simultaneously detect a wide array of bacteria, viruses, and fungi in an unbiased manner. It is increasingly used for severe respiratory infectious diseases, especially for immunocompromised patients. However, the effects of mNGS-based antimicrobial treatment procedures on clinical outcomes in immunocompromised patients with SCAP have not been evaluated.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods\/Design<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MATESHIP study is a prospective, multicenter, parallel-group, open-label, randomized controlled trial from 20 ICUs in university hospitals and academic teaching hospitals across Shandong Province, China. We will enroll 342 immunocompromised patients with early onset SCAP who are admitted to an intensive care unit (ICU). Participants will be randomly allocated to an mNGS-guided treatment group or a conventional treatment group (guided by CMT), according to centrally computer-based block randomization stratified by participating centers. Participants will undergo CMT tests using appropriate lower respiratory tract (LRT) and other necessary specimens, with or without mNGS tests using LRT specimens. The primary outcomes will be: (1) The relative change in Sequential Organ Failure Assessment (SOFA) score from randomization to day 5, day 7, day 10, or the day of ICU discharge\/death; and (2) the consumption of antimicrobial agents during ICU stay (expressed as defined daily doses). The secondary outcome measures will be: days from randomization to initiation of definitive antimicrobial treatment; overall antimicrobial agent use and cost; total cost of hospitalization; length of ICU stay; 28- and 90-day mortality; and clinical cure rate. This study hypothesizes that mNGS-guided treatment will decrease the degree of organ dysfunction\/failure, the consumption of antimicrobial agents, and mortality, while the cure rate will be increased, and the time to initiation of appropriate therapy will be advanced.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>The MATESHIP study will evaluate for the first time whether mNGS-guided antimicrobial therapy improves the outcomes of SCAP in an immunocompromised population, and provide high-level evidence on the application of mNGS in the management of this population.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Clinical Trial Registration<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      [\n                      <jats:ext-link>ClinicalTrials.gov<\/jats:ext-link>\n                      ], identifier [NCT05290454].\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.927842","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]],"date-time":"2022-08-02T01:50:39Z","timestamp":1659405039000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Metagenomic next-generation sequencing-guided antimicrobial treatment versus conventional antimicrobial treatment in early severe community-acquired pneumonia among immunocompromised patients (MATESHIP): A study protocol"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shaohua","family":"Fan","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Min","family":"Si","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nana","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Meichen","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingmin","family":"Pang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangfeng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jibin","family":"Gong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"906","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00630-9","article-title":"Community-acquired pneumonia.","volume":"398","author":"Aliberti","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1356","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chest.2020.11.008","article-title":"Added diagnostic utility of clinical metagenomics for the diagnosis of pneumonia in immunocompromised adults.","volume":"159","author":"Azar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chest"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2099","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2018.14282","article-title":"Effect of high-flow nasal oxygen vs standard oxygen on 28-day mortality in immunocompromised patients with acute respiratory failure: the HIGH randomized clinical trial.","volume":"320","author":"Azoulay","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"173","DOI":"10.1016\/S2213-2600(18)30345-X","article-title":"Acute respiratory failure in immunocompromised adults.","volume":"7","author":"Azoulay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Lancet Respir. 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