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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of different probiotic fermented feed (PFF) on ameliorating liver fat accumulation by modulating the gut microbiota. A total of 216, 120-day-old Shaoxing ducks were divided into three groups, including the control group (basal diet), or the basal diet supplemented with 25 or 35% PFF. The results of the animal experiment showed that supplementation with PFF markedly alleviated the formation of liver and abdominal lipid droplet and decreased the levels of serum triglyceride (TG) in Shaoxing ducks. 16s rDNA showed that PFF could modulate the composition of gut microbiota, in particular, modulating the ratio of Firmicutes to Bacteroidetes. Moreover, PFF restructures the gut microbiome by reducing the abundance of Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Prevotellaceae in ducks. Additionally, liver transcriptome analysis indicated that the PFF supplementation significantly downregulated the mRNA expression of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma <jats:italic>(PPARG)<\/jats:italic>, acyl-CoA desaturase <jats:italic>(SCD), DBI<\/jats:italic>, fatty acid synthase <jats:italic>(FASN)<\/jats:italic>, ELOVL fatty acid elongase 2 (<jats:italic>ELOVL2), ELOVL6<\/jats:italic>, and hydroxysteroid 17-beta dehydrogenase (<jats:italic>HSD17B12)<\/jats:italic> and upregulated the mRNA expression of <jats:italic>CPT1B<\/jats:italic>, which was widely associated with lipid metabolism processes, such as fatty acid elongation, PPAR signaling pathway, and ether lipid metabolism. Correlation analysis indicates that the expression changes of liver metabolism-related genes by PFF are highly correlated with the Ruminococcaceae, Lachnospiraceae, and Prevotellaceae levels. These findings demonstrated that PFF supplementation modulates gut microbial composition to activate liver lipid metabolism-related genes, which results in less lipid deposition in ducks. These findings provide novel insights into the molecular mechanisms of dietary PFF underlying liver fat accumulation by regulating gut microbiota.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.928670","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]],"date-time":"2022-07-13T09:50:27Z","timestamp":1657705827000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Probiotic Fermented Feed Alleviates Liver Fat Deposition in Shaoxing Ducks via Modulating Gut Microbiota"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Tiantian","family":"Gu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mingcai","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruikun","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tao","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenwu","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weifeng","family":"Feng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chunqing","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lizhi","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,7,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.5114\/aoms.2011.23418","article-title":"Frequency of firmicutes and bacteroidetes in gut microbiota in obese and normal weight Egyptian children and adults","volume":"7","author":"Abdallah Ismail","year":"2011","journal-title":"Arch. 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