{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,8]],"date-time":"2026-06-08T00:59:33Z","timestamp":1780880373935,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660089600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006579","name":"Ministry of Industry and Information Technology of the People\u2019s Republic of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006579","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Psoriasis can be provoked or exacerbated by environmental exposures such as certain microbiomes. The distinction between plaque psoriasis (PP) and guttate psoriasis (GP) in the skin or pharyngeal microbiota is not yet clear. High-throughput sequencing using Illumina MiSeq was used in this study to characterize skin and pharyngeal microbial composition in patients with PP [large PP (LPP, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 62), small PP (SPP, <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 41)] and GP (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 14). The alpha- and beta-diversity of skin microbiota LPP was similar to that of the SPP group, but different from the GP group. There were no differences in pharyngeal microbiota among the groups. According to linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) analysis, <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Stenotrophomonas<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Enhydrobacter<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Brevundimonas<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Allorhizobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>Neorhizobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>Pararhizobium<\/jats:italic>\u2013<jats:italic>Rhizobium<\/jats:italic> were the dominant genera of skin microbiota in PP. Diversity of skin microbiota correlated with Psoriasis Area and Severity Index (PASI). Moderate-to-severe psoriasis and mild psoriasis have different microbiota compositions. The skin microbiota may be related to the pharyngeal microbiota. Furthermore, two microbiota-based models could distinguish psoriasis subtypes with area under the receiver-operating characteristic curve (AUC-ROC) of 0.935 and 0.836, respectively. In conclusion, the skin microbiota in patients with LPP is similar to that in patients with SPP, but displays variations compared to that of GP, no differences are noted between subtypes in pharyngeal microbiota. Skin microbiota diversity correlated with PASI.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.937666","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T07:06:06Z","timestamp":1660115166000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Microbiota differences of skin and pharyngeal microbiota between patients with plaque and guttate psoriasis in China"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Jingjin","family":"Hu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xingyu","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Minjia","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kun","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiaolin","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sichun","family":"Deng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yijie","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Junchen","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wu","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yehong","family":"Kuang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-1-31","article-title":"Community differentiation of the cutaneous microbiota in psoriasis.","volume":"1","author":"Alekseyenko","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2340\/00015555-3619","article-title":"Significant differences in the bacterial microbiome of the pharynx and skin in patients with psoriasis compared with healthy controls.","volume":"100","author":"Assarsson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Acta Derm. Venereol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1016\/j.diagmicrobio.2008.11.003","article-title":"Stenotrophomonas maltophilia infections of intact skin: a systematic review of the literature.","volume":"63","author":"Bin Abdulhak","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diagn. Microbiol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-065X.2011.01027.x","article-title":"Atopic dermatitis: a disease of altered skin barrier and immune dysregulation.","volume":"242","author":"Boguniewicz","year":"2011","journal-title":"Immunol. Rev."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"851","DOI":"10.17219\/acem\/69804","article-title":"The reliability of three psoriasis assessment tools: Psoriasis area and severity index, body surface area and physician global assessment.","volume":"26","author":"Bo\u017cek","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Clin. Exp. Med."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.f.303","article-title":"QIIME allows analysis of high-throughput community sequencing data.","volume":"7","author":"Caporaso","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-018-0533-1","article-title":"Alteration of the cutaneous microbiome in psoriasis and potential role in Th17 polarization.","volume":"6","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.589726","article-title":"Skin and Gut Microbiome in Psoriasis: Gaining insight into the pathophysiology of it and finding novel therapeutic strategies.","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25177","article-title":"Skin microbiota-host interactions.","volume":"553","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1694","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1177486","article-title":"Bacterial community variation in human body habitats across space and time.","volume":"326","author":"Costello","year":"2009","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1286","DOI":"10.1038\/s41590-018-0256-2","article-title":"The epithelial immune microenvironment (EIME) in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.","volume":"19","author":"Dainichi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.12.022","article-title":"Specific IgA and CLA(+) T-Cell IL-17 Response to Streptococcus pyogenes in Psoriasis.","volume":"140","author":"De JES\u00faS-Gil","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"685","DOI":"10.1038\/s41587-020-0548-6","article-title":"PICRUSt2 for prediction of metagenome functions.","volume":"38","author":"Douglas","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads.","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2194","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr381","article-title":"UCHIME improves sensitivity and speed of chimera detection.","volume":"27","author":"Edgar","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-2618-2-6","article-title":"An improved dual-indexing approach for multiplexed 16S rRNA gene sequencing on the Illumina MiSeq platform.","volume":"2","author":"Fadrosh","year":"2014","journal-title":"Microbiome"},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.12322","article-title":"Is chronic plaque psoriasis triggered by microbiota in the skin?","volume":"169","author":"Fry","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-12253-y","article-title":"Microbe-host interplay in atopic dermatitis and psoriasis.","volume":"10","author":"Fyhrquist","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"144","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdermsci.2009.06.001","article-title":"Gender-linked differences in human skin.","volume":"55","author":"Giacomoni","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Dermatol. Sci."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1301","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32549-6","article-title":"Psoriasis.","volume":"397","author":"Griffiths","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2006.07675.x","article-title":"A classification of psoriasis vulgaris according to phenotype.","volume":"156","author":"Griffiths","year":"2007","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jid.2019.01.024","article-title":"Research techniques made simple: profiling the skin microbiota.","volume":"139","author":"Grogan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2021\/6431862","article-title":"The role of respiratory flora in the pathogenesis of chronic respiratory diseases.","volume":"2021","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2133.2011.10570.x","article-title":"Malassezia, dandruff and seborrhoeic dermatitis: an overview.","volume":"165","author":"Hay","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2022.102147","article-title":"Deciphering mechanisms and implications of bacterial translocation in human health and disease.","volume":"67","author":"Jin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","first-page":"1","article-title":"2000 CDC Growth Charts for the United States: methods and development.","volume":"11","author":"Kuczmarski","year":"2002","journal-title":"Vital Health Stat."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.16081","article-title":"The role of the microbiome in psoriasis: moving from disease description to treatment selection?","volume":"178","author":"Langan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00129-10","article-title":"Comparative analyses of the bacterial microbiota of the human nostril and oropharynx.","volume":"1","author":"Lemon","year":"2010","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"160","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clindermatol.2019.01.011","article-title":"Mechanisms of microbial pathogenesis and the role of the skin microbiome in psoriasis: A review.","volume":"37","author":"Lewis","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Dermatol."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"169","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1087-0024.2004.09113.x","article-title":"10 years experience of the Dermatology Life Quality Index (DLQI).","volume":"9","author":"Lewis","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Investig. Dermatol. Symp. Proc."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.764384","article-title":"Interplay between skin microbiota dysbiosis and the host immune system in psoriasis: potential pathogenesis.","volume":"12","author":"Liang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"8228","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.71.12.8228-8235.2005","article-title":"UniFrac: a new phylogenetic method for comparing microbial communities.","volume":"71","author":"Lozupone","year":"2005","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies.","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.00458","article-title":"16S Metagenomics reveals Dysbiosis of nasal core Microbiota in children with chronic nasal inflammation: role of Adenoid hypertrophy and Allergic Rhinitis.","volume":"10","author":"Marazzato","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2019.100063","article-title":"Beyond the gut: Skin microbiome compositional changes are associated with BMI.","volume":"13","author":"Michael","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hum. Microbiom. J."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1007\/s00403-010-1065-0","article-title":"Evidence for the presence of bacteria in the blood of psoriasis patients.","volume":"302","author":"Munz","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol. Res."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1007\/s00005-015-0332-3","article-title":"Human Microbiome: When a friend becomes an enemy.","volume":"63","author":"Muszer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Arch. Immunol. Ther. Exp. (Warsz)"},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"314","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14101","article-title":"Epidemiological survey of patients with psoriasis in Matsumoto city. Nagano Prefecture, Japan.","volume":"45","author":"Ogawa","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22083998","article-title":"Alterations of the skin and gut microbiome in Psoriasis and Psoriatic arthritis.","volume":"22","author":"Olejniczak-Staruch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2018.11.015","article-title":"The microbiome in patients with atopic dermatitis.","volume":"143","author":"Paller","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"377","DOI":"10.1038\/jid.2012.339","article-title":"Global epidemiology of psoriasis: a systematic review of incidence and prevalence.","volume":"133","author":"Parisi","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Invest. Dermatol."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaad.2019.06.024","article-title":"Psoriatic lesions are characterized by higher bacterial load and imbalance between Cutibacterium and Corynebacterium.","volume":"82","author":"Quan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Dermatol."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D590","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gks1219","article-title":"The SILVA ribosomal RNA gene database project: improved data processing and web-based tools.","volume":"41","author":"Quast","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"967","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2015.12.083","article-title":"Analysis of the microbiome: Advantages of whole genome shotgun versus 16S amplicon sequencing.","volume":"469","author":"Ranjan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.smim.2013.09.005","article-title":"Functions of the skin microbiota in health and disease.","volume":"25","author":"Sanford","year":"2013","journal-title":"Semin. Immunol."},{"key":"B46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1304","DOI":"10.1111\/bjd.18203","article-title":"Respiratory virus infection triggers acute psoriasis flares across different clinical subtypes and genetic backgrounds.","volume":"181","author":"Sbidian","year":"2019","journal-title":"Br. J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2011-12-6-r60","article-title":"Metagenomic biomarker discovery and explanation.","volume":"12","author":"Segata","year":"2011","journal-title":"Genome Biol."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep02620","article-title":"Microbiomic signatures of psoriasis: feasibility and methodology comparison.","volume":"3","author":"Statnikov","year":"2013","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1001\/archderm.1992.01680110049004","article-title":"The role of streptococcal infection in the initiation of guttate psoriasis.","volume":"128","author":"Telfer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Arch. Dermatol."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1093\/rheumatology\/keac253","article-title":"Strong site-specific association of pharyngeal cultures with the onset of psoriatic arthritis and psoriasis, regardless of pathogen.","author":"Thrastardottir","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rheumatology (Oxford)"},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1439-0507.2001.00608.x","article-title":"Incidence of Candida in psoriasis\u2013a study on the fungal flora of psoriatic patients.","volume":"44","author":"Waldman","year":"2001","journal-title":"Mycoses"},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(11)60321-8","article-title":"Acne vulgaris.","volume":"379","author":"Williams","year":"2012","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"B53","first-page":"1","year":"2000","journal-title":"Obesity: Preventing and Managing the Global Epidemic. Report of a WHO Consultation."},{"key":"B54","year":"2016","journal-title":"Global Report on Psoriasis [Online]."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1111\/j.2517-6161.1995.tb02031.x","article-title":"Controlling the false discovery rate: a practical and powerful approach to multiple testing.","volume":"57","author":"Yoav","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. R. Stat. Soc. Ser. B (Methodological)"},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1289","DOI":"10.1111\/1346-8138.14594","article-title":"Profile of the skin microbiota in a healthy Chinese population.","volume":"45","author":"Zhai","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1346-8138.2005.tb00723.x","article-title":"Acute guttate psoriasis patients have positive streptococcus hemolyticus throat cultures and elevated antistreptococcal M6 protein titers.","volume":"32","author":"Zhao","year":"2005","journal-title":"J. Dermatol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.937666\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]],"date-time":"2022-08-10T07:06:14Z","timestamp":1660115174000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.937666\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"references-count":57,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.937666"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.937666","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,10]]},"article-number":"937666"}}