{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,21]],"date-time":"2026-08-21T13:21:15Z","timestamp":1787318475967,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":39,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["No.81960294"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["No.81960294"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"\n Invasive\n Staphylococcus aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n ) infection is associated with high rates of mortality in children. No studies have been reported on invasive\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n infection among children in Kunming, China, and it remains unknown whether the COVID-19 epidemic has affected\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n prevalence in this region. Thus, this study investigated the changes in molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of invasive\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n strains isolated from children in Kunming during 2019\u20132021. In total, 66 invasive\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n strains isolated from children were typed by multilocus sequence typing (MLST),\n spa<\/jats:italic>\n , and Staphylococcal cassette chromosome mec (SCC\n mec<\/jats:italic>\n ), and antimicrobial resistance and virulence genes were analyzed. A total of 19 ST types, 31\n spa<\/jats:italic>\n types and 3 SCC\n mec<\/jats:italic>\n types were identified. Thirty nine (59.09%) strains were methicillin-sensitive\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (MSSA) and 27 (40.91%) strains were methicillin-resistant\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n (MRSA). The most common molecular type was ST22-t309 (22.73%, 15\/66), followed by ST59-t437 (13.64%, 9\/66). In 2019 and 2021, the dominant molecular type was ST22-t309, while in 2020, it was ST59-t437. After 2019, the dominant molecular type of MRSA changed from ST338-t437 to ST59-t437. All strains were susceptible to tigecycline, ciprofloxacin, moxifloxacin, vancomycin, quinopudine-dafoputin, linezolid, levofloxacin, and rifampicin. From 2019 to 2021, the resistance to penicillin and sulfamethoxazole initially decreased and then increased, a trend that contrasted with the observed resistance to oxacillin, cefoxitin, erythromycin, clindamycin, and tetracycline. Sixteen antimicrobial resistance profiles were identified, with penicillin-tetracycline-erythromycin-clindamycin-oxacillin-cefoxitin being the most common, and the antimicrobial resistance profiles varied by year. The carrier rates of virulence genes,\n ica<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n ica<\/jats:italic>\n D,\n hla<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n fnb<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n fnb<\/jats:italic>\n B,\n clf<\/jats:italic>\n A,\n clf<\/jats:italic>\n B, and\n cna<\/jats:italic>\n were 100.00%. Furthermore,\n sak<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n pvl<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n ica<\/jats:italic>\n C,\n ica<\/jats:italic>\n R,\n fib<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n lip<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n hlb<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n hysA<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n sea<\/jats:italic>\n ,\n seb<\/jats:italic>\n , and\n tsst<\/jats:italic>\n -1 had carrier rates of 96.97, 92.42, 87.88, 69.70, 84.85, 62.12, 56.06, 50, 37.87, 30.30, and 7.58%, respectively. Since COVID-19 epidemic, the annual number of invasive\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n strains isolated from children in Kunming remained stable, but the molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance profiles of prevalent\n S. aureus<\/jats:italic>\n strains have changed significantly. Thus, COVID-19 prevention and control should be supplemented by surveillance of common clinical pathogens, particularly vigilance against the prevalence of multidrug-resistant and high-virulence strains.\n <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.944078","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T07:12:04Z","timestamp":1660201924000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Changes in molecular characteristics and antimicrobial resistance of invasive Staphylococcus aureus infection strains isolated from children in Kunming, China during the COVID-19 epidemic"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Mingbiao","family":"Ma","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lvyan","family":"Tao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinyue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanqi","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jue","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haiping","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongchao","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jing","family":"Dong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dingrui","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingyi","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2807\/1560-7917.ES.2018.23.34.1700592","article-title":"Genomic epidemiology of meticillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus ST22 widespread in communities of the Gaza Strip, 2009.","volume":"23","author":"Chang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Euro Surveill."},{"key":"B2","year":"2019","journal-title":"Performance Standards For Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0018217","article-title":"Methicillin-Susceptible Staphylococcus aureus as a Predominantly Healthcare-Associated Pathogen: A Possible Reversal of Roles?","volume":"6","author":"Diep","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro3161","article-title":"Adhesion, invasion and evasion: The many functions of the surface proteins of Staphylococcus aureus.","volume":"12","author":"Foster","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. 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