{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,12]],"date-time":"2026-09-12T16:22:24Z","timestamp":1789230144757,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1659312000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Osteomyelitis in the feet of persons with diabetes is clinically challenging and is associated with high rates of amputation. In this study RNA-sequencing was employed to explore microbial metatranscriptomes with a view to understand the relative activity and functions of the pathogen\/s responsible for diabetes foot osteomyelitis (DFO). We obtained 25 intraoperative bone specimens from persons with confirmed DFO, observing that <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> spp. (7%), <jats:italic>Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> spp. (7%), <jats:italic>Staphylococcus<\/jats:italic> spp. (6%), <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> spp. (5%) and <jats:italic>Proteus<\/jats:italic> spp. (5%) are the most active taxa on average. Data was then subset to examine functions associated with pathogenesis (virulence and toxins), biofilm formation and antimicrobial\/multi-drug resistance. Analysis revealed <jats:italic>Escherichia<\/jats:italic> spp. are the most active taxa relative to pathogenic functions with K06218 (mRNA interferase <jats:italic>relE<\/jats:italic>), K03699 (membrane damaging toxin <jats:italic>tlyC<\/jats:italic>) and K03980 (putative peptidoglycan lipid II flippase <jats:italic>murJ<\/jats:italic>), K01114 (membrane damaging toxin plc) and K19168 (toxin cptA) being the most prevalent pathogenic associated transcripts. The most abundant transcripts associated with biofilm pathways included components of the biofilm EPS matrix including glycogen synthesis, cellulose synthesis, colonic acid synthesis and flagella synthesis. We further observed enrichment of a key enzyme involved in the biosynthesis of L-rhamnose (K01710 -dTDP-glucose 4,6-dehydratase <jats:italic>rfbB, rmlB, rffG<\/jats:italic>) which was present in all but four patients with DFO.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.956332","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]],"date-time":"2022-08-01T07:01:14Z","timestamp":1659337274000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Metatranscriptome sequencing identifies Escherichia are major contributors to pathogenic functions and biofilm formation in diabetes related foot osteomyelitis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Michael","family":"Radzieta","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matthew","family":"Malone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mehtab","family":"Ahmad","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hugh G.","family":"Dickson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saskia","family":"Schwarzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Slade O.","family":"Jensen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lawrence A.","family":"Lavery","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"81","DOI":"10.1016\/S0969-2126(01)00694-3","article-title":"Toward a structural understanding of the dehydratase mechanism","volume":"10","author":"Allard","year":"2002","journal-title":"Structure"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tim.2014.05.002","article-title":"Biofilms, flagella, and mechanosensing of surfaces by bacteria","volume":"22","author":"Belas","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Microbiol"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09315.x","article-title":"The relationship between glycogen synthesis, biofilm formation and virulence in salmonella enteritidis","volume":"191","author":"Bonafonte","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. 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