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Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a global threat to human and animal health, with the misuse and overuse of antimicrobials being suggested as the main driver of resistance. In a global context, New Zealand (NZ) is a relatively low user of antimicrobials in animal production. However, the role antimicrobial usage on pasture-based dairy farms, such as those in NZ, plays in driving the spread of AMR within the dairy farm environment remains equivocal. Culture-based methods were used to determine the prevalence and distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase (ESBL)- and AmpC-producing <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> from farm environmental samples collected over a 15-month period from two NZ dairy farms with contrasting management practices. Whole genome sequencing was utilised to understand the genomic epidemiology and antimicrobial resistance gene repertoire of a subset of third-generation cephalosporin resistant <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> isolated in this study. There was a low sample level prevalence of ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> (faeces 1.7%; farm dairy effluent, 6.7% from Dairy 4 and none from Dairy 1) but AmpC-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were more frequently isolated across both farms (faeces 3.3% and 8.3%; farm dairy effluent 38.4%, 6.7% from Dairy 1 and Dairy 4, respectively). ESBL- and AmpC-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were isolated from faeces and farm dairy effluent in spring and summer, during months with varying levels of antimicrobial use, but no ESBL- or AmpC-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were isolated from bulk tank milk or soil from recently grazed paddocks. Hybrid assemblies using short- and long-read sequence data from a subset of ESBL- and AmpC-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> enabled the assembly and annotation of nine plasmids from six <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic>, including one plasmid co-harbouring 12 antimicrobial resistance genes. ESBL-producing <jats:italic>E. coli<\/jats:italic> were infrequently identified from faeces and farm dairy effluent on the two NZ dairy farms, suggesting they are present at a low prevalence on these farms. Plasmids harbouring several antimicrobial resistance genes were identified, and bacteria carrying such plasmids are a concern for both animal and public health. AMR is a burden for human, animal and environmental health and requires a holistic \u201cOne Health\u201d approach to address.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.960748","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]],"date-time":"2022-08-11T07:52:36Z","timestamp":1660204356000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Prevalence and distribution of extended-spectrum \u03b2-lactamase and AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in two New Zealand dairy farm environments"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Rose M.","family":"Collis","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Patrick J.","family":"Biggs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sara A.","family":"Burgess","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anne C.","family":"Midwinter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gale","family":"Brightwell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian L.","family":"Cookson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,11]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.02430-17","article-title":"Molecular epidemiology of dairy cattle-associated Escherichia coli carrying bla(CTX\u2013M) genes in Washington state.","volume":"84","author":"Afema","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. 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