{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,10]],"date-time":"2026-07-10T13:10:42Z","timestamp":1783689042421,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":43,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1660780800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Early life is a \u201ccritical window\u201d for gut microbiota development, antibiotic use during this period exerts a profound effect on gut microbial dysbiosis and asthma. In clinical practice, antibiotics are usually used in patients with bacterial infections, we previously showed that neonatal <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> pneumonia promoted adult-onset asthma in mice model, while it remains unclear whether neonatal <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection have long-term effects on gut microbiota. Neonatal BALB\/c mice were inoculated with 5*10<jats:sup>6<\/jats:sup> CFU D39 to establish non-lethal <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> pneumonia model. At 2, 3, 8 weeks of age, feces in the cecum were prepared for 16S rRNA sequencing, lungs were collected for histopathologic and lung function analysis. <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic>-infected neonatal mice exhibited histopathologic lesions in their lungs and increased airway hyperresponsiveness, obvious alterations in alpha and beta diversities in the entire gut microbiota, and changes of the community structure during the breastfeeding period, infancy, and adulthood. Furthermore, gut microbial composition was modified after neonatal <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection, with a decreased relative abundance of Lactobacillus in the breastfeeding period and infancy; in adulthood, the relative abundance of Allobaculum diminished while that of Proteobacteria was augmented. Neonatal <jats:italic>S. pneumoniae<\/jats:italic> infection induced a long-term alteration in microbial community composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961684","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]],"date-time":"2022-08-18T06:55:58Z","timestamp":1660805758000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Neonatal Streptococcus pneumoniae infection induces long-lasting dysbiosis of the gut microbiota in a mouse model"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuanyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ximing","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ziyao","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qinyuan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiying","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ding","family":"Jian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyin","family":"Tian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyi","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhengxiu","family":"Luo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01562","article-title":"IL-17 and TNF-\u03b1 are key mediators of moraxella catarrhalis triggered exacerbation of allergic airway inflammation.","volume":"8","author":"Alnahas","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. 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