{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,3]],"date-time":"2026-08-03T19:27:20Z","timestamp":1785785240471,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effects of different levels of potassium magnesium sulfateon (PMS) on growth performance, diarrhea rate, intestinal morphology, antioxidant capacity, intestinal immunity, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets. A total of 216 weaned piglets were randomly divided into six dietary groups: the basal diet with 0% (CON), 0.15, 0.3, 0.45, 0.6, and 0.75% PMS. The results showed that the ADFI of 29\u201342 days and 1\u201342 days was linearly and quadratically increased by the PMS supplementation (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and significantly reduced the diarrhea rate in weaned piglets (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Moreover, dietary supplementation with PMS significantly reduced the serum adrenaline and noradrenaline levels in weaned piglets (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, 0.3% PMS significantly increased the activity of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) in the jejunum (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and tended to increase the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) in the jejunal mucosa of piglets (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.1). Additionally, dietary supplementation with PMS significantly reduced the interleukin-1\u03b2 (IL-1\u03b2) level in the jejunal mucosa (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05), and 0.3% PMS increased the serum IgM content in piglets (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Furthermore, the analysis of colonic microbiota by 16S RNA sequencing showed that the addition of PMS increased the Shannon index (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and Observed Species index (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Based on linear discriminant analysis effect size (LEfSe) and <jats:italic>T<\/jats:italic>-test analysis, the addition of PMS increased the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Ruminococcaceae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcaceae<\/jats:italic> in the colonic digesta (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Spearman analysis showed that there was a positive correlation between intestinal GSH-Px activity and the relative abundance of <jats:italic>Peptostreptococcaceae<\/jats:italic>. These results showed that dietary supplementation with PMS could improve growth performance, alleviate diarrhea incidence, and modulate the antioxidant capacity and intestinal immunity in weaned piglets, which was partially related to the significant changes in colonic microbiota composition.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961989","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T08:00:36Z","timestamp":1661241636000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":18,"title":["Dietary supplementation with potassium-magnesium sulfate modulates the antioxidant capacity, immunity, and gut microbiota in weaned piglets"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Shuting","family":"Cao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaiyong","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaolu","family":"Wen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jingchun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bailei","family":"Cui","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kang","family":"Yao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xianliang","family":"Zhan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shenglan","family":"Hu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Qiwen","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cui","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zongyong","family":"Jiang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1037\/h0032183","article-title":"Effect of potassium depletion on mineral appetite in the rat.","volume":"78","author":"Adam","year":"1972","journal-title":"J. Comp. Physiol. Psychol."},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9041694","article-title":"Magnesium and human health: perspectives and research directions.","volume":"2018","author":"Al Alawi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1007\/s11250-019-02046-2","article-title":"Potassium phosphate and potassium carbonate administration by feed or drinking water improved broiler performance, bone strength, digestive phosphatase activity and phosphorus digestibility under induced heat stress conditions.","volume":"52","author":"Ansari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Trop. Anim. Health Prod."},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.06.006","article-title":"Changes in faecal bacteria during fattening in finishing swine.","volume":"47","author":"Ban-Tokuda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/srep32188","article-title":"Effects of Il-1beta, Il-6 and Il-8 on erythrocytes, platelets and clot viscoelasticity.","volume":"6","author":"Bester","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2022.108520","article-title":"Intestinal morphology and immune profiles are altered in piglets by early-weaning.","volume":"105","author":"Cao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1073","DOI":"10.1093\/jas\/skx062","article-title":"Weaning disrupts intestinal antioxidant status, impairs intestinal barrier and mitochondrial function, and triggers mitophagy in piglets.","volume":"96","author":"Cao","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12861","article-title":"Magnesium sulfate differentially modulates fetal membrane inflammation in a time-dependent manner.","volume":"80","author":"Cross","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/md16060216","article-title":"Dietary supplementation with a magnesium-rich marine mineral blend enhances the diversity of gastrointestinal microbiota.","volume":"16","author":"Crowley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mar. Drugs"},{"key":"B10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-00440-7","article-title":"Changes of the glutathione redox system during the weaning transition in piglets, in relation to small intestinal morphology and barrier function.","volume":"11","author":"Degroote","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041136","article-title":"Magnesium: biochemistry, nutrition, detection, and social impact of diseases linked to its deficiency.","volume":"13","author":"Fiorentini","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092889","article-title":"Effect of dietary magnesium content on intestinal microbiota of rats.","volume":"12","author":"Garc\u00eda-Legorreta","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1576","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0762-8244","article-title":"[Hyperkalemia - pathophysiology, prognostic significance and treatment options].","volume":"144","author":"Gerhardt","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dtsch. Med. Wochenschr."},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI143768","article-title":"The gut, its microbiome, and the brain: connections and communications.","volume":"131","author":"Gershon","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2015.11.012","article-title":"Gut microbiome in health and disease: linking the microbiome-gut-brain axis and environmental factors in the pathogenesis of systemic and neurodegenerative diseases.","volume":"158","author":"Ghaisas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.2741\/1223","article-title":"Role of cellular magnesium in health and human disease.","volume":"9","author":"Laires","year":"2004","journal-title":"Front. Biosci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.dci.2013.12.012","article-title":"Development of gut immunoglobulin a production in piglet in response to innate and environmental factors.","volume":"44","author":"Levast","year":"2014","journal-title":"Dev. Comp. Immunol."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez015","article-title":"Dietary potassium and available phosphorous on broiler growth performance, carcass characteristics, and wooden breast.","volume":"98","author":"Livingston","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/eci.13561","article-title":"Magnesium supplementation reduces inflammation in rats with induced chronic kidney disease.","volume":"51","author":"Lopez-Baltanas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Invest."},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"585.e29","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2021.12.039","article-title":"Magnesium sensing Via Lfa-1 regulates Cd8(+) T cell effector function.","volume":"185","author":"L\u00f6tscher","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.immuni.2020.09.016","article-title":"One-two punch in the gut may trigger multiple sclerosis.","volume":"53","author":"Maghzi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Immunity"},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/83.1.60","article-title":"Effect of magnesium and sulfur upon cellulose digestion of purified rations by cattle and sheep.","volume":"83","author":"Martin","year":"1964","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1006\/appe.2001.0443","article-title":"Magnesium appetite in the rat.","volume":"38","author":"McCaughey","year":"2002","journal-title":"Appetite"},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.13567","article-title":"Effect of Walnut (Juglans sigillata) oil on intestinal antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, immunity, and gut microbiota modulation in mice.","volume":"45","author":"Miao","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Food Biochem."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1016\/j.aninu.2017.06.003","article-title":"Weaning stress and gastrointestinal barrier development: implications for lifelong gut health in pigs.","volume":"3","author":"Moeser","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Nutr."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-016-0793-1","article-title":"Role of magnesium in oxidative stress in individuals with obesity.","volume":"176","author":"Morais","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"B27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0129174","article-title":"Rumen microbiome from steers differing in feed efficiency.","volume":"10","author":"Myer","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B28","article-title":"Committee on nutrient requirements of swine","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutrient Requirements of Swine"},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247188","article-title":"Weaning differentially affects mitochondrial function, oxidative stress, inflammation and apoptosis in normal and low birth weight piglets.","volume":"16","author":"Novais","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani8100185","article-title":"Maternal magnesium sulfate supplementation in a pre-farrow diet improves factors important for piglet viability.","volume":"8","author":"Plush","year":"2018","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2019.104587","article-title":"Cortisol response to stress: the role of expectancy and anticipatory stress regulation.","volume":"117","author":"Pulopulos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2019.04.013","article-title":"Influences of stress hormones on microbial infections.","volume":"131","author":"Sarkodie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu8070444","article-title":"Potassium intake, bioavailability, hypertension, and glucose control.","volume":"8","author":"Stone","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2021.812011","article-title":"Dietary hermetia illucens larvae meal improves growth performance and intestinal barrier function of weaned pigs under the environment of enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli K88.","volume":"8","author":"Tang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.5507\/bp.2016.052","article-title":"Nutrition, oxidative stress and intestinal dysbiosis: influence of diet on gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel diseases.","volume":"160","author":"Tomasello","year":"2016","journal-title":"Biomed. Pap. Med. Fac. Univ. Palacky Olomouc. Czech. Repub."},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11082418","article-title":"The impact of weaning stress on gut health and the mechanistic aspects of several feed additives contributing to improved gut health function in weanling piglets-a review.","volume":"11","author":"Upadhaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.15252\/emmm.202012423","article-title":"Dietary magnesium supplementation improves lifespan in a mouse model of progeria.","volume":"12","author":"Villa-Bellosta","year":"2020","journal-title":"EMBO Mol. Med."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10112104","article-title":"Effects of dietary supplementation of humic acid sodium and zinc oxide on growth performance, immune status and antioxidant capacity of weaned piglets.","volume":"10","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/nu9050521","article-title":"Antioxidant properties of probiotic bacteria.","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmc.2018.12.033","article-title":"Magnesium isoglycyrrhizinate suppresses lps-induced inflammation and oxidative stress through inhibiting Nf-K b and Mapk pathways in Raw264.7 cells.","volume":"27","author":"Xie","year":"2019","journal-title":"Bioorgan. Med. Chem."},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fnut.2022.885497","article-title":"Effects of different sources of calcium in the diet on growth performance, blood metabolic parameters, and intestinal bacterial community and function of weaned piglets.","volume":"9","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Nutr."},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.10.003","article-title":"Sinapic acid and resveratrol alleviate oxidative stress with modulation of gut microbiota in high-fat diet-fed rats.","volume":"116","author":"Yang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.2527\/jas.2013-6619","article-title":"Effect of Lactobacillus plantarum on diarrhea and intestinal barrier function of young piglets challenged with enterotoxigenic Escherichia Coli K88.","volume":"92","author":"Yang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci."},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2925","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo03345f","article-title":"Antrodin a from antrodia camphorata modulates the gut microbiome and liver metabolome in mice exposed to acute alcohol intake.","volume":"12","author":"Yi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/2049-1891-5-39","article-title":"Effects of magnesium on the performance of sows and their piglets.","volume":"5","author":"Zang","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961989\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]],"date-time":"2022-08-23T08:00:39Z","timestamp":1661241639000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961989\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"references-count":45,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961989"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2022.961989","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,23]]},"article-number":"961989"}}