{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,21]],"date-time":"2026-10-21T21:42:00Z","timestamp":1792618920522,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661817600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31941019"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31941019"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["31872521"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["31872521"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>African swine fever virus (ASFV) is a highly infectious and lethal swine pathogen that causes severe socio-economic consequences in affected countries. Unfortunately, effective vaccine for combating ASF is unavailable so far, and the prevention and control strategies for ASFV are still very limited. Toosendanin (TSN), a triterpenoid saponin extracted from the medicinal herb <jats:italic>Melia toosendan<\/jats:italic> Sieb. Et Zucc, has been demonstrated to possess analgesic, anti-inflammatory, anti-botulism and anti-microbial activities, and was used clinically as an anthelmintic, while the antiviral effect of TSN on ASFV has not been reported. In this study, we revealed that TSN exhibited a potent inhibitory effect on ASFV GZ201801-38 strain in porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs; EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>\u2009=\u20090.085\u2009\u03bcM, SI\u2009=\u2009365) in a dose-dependent manner. TSN showed robust antiviral activity in different doses of ASFV infection and reduced the transcription and translation levels of ASFV p30 protein, viral genomic DNA quantity as well as viral titer at 24 and 48\u2009h post-infection. In addition, TSN did not affect virion attachment and release but intervened in its internalization in PAMs. Further investigations disclosed that TSN played its antiviral role by upregulating the host IFN-stimulated gene (ISG) IRF1 rather than by directly inactivating the virus particles. Overall, our results suggest that TSN is an effective antiviral agent against ASFV replication <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and may have the potential for clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.970501","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]],"date-time":"2022-08-30T06:22:15Z","timestamp":1661840535000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Toosendanin suppresses African swine fever virus replication through upregulating interferon regulatory factor 1 in porcine alveolar macrophage cultures"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Yuanjia","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinheng","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zexin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weixin","family":"Jia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xinlei","family":"Lian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Changjiang","family":"Weng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guihong","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenbao","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianxin","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,30]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0192565","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0192565","article-title":"Phylodynamics and evolutionary epidemiology of African swine fever p72-CVR genes in Eurasia and Africa","volume":"13","author":"Alkhamis","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1016\/j.antiviral.2018.06.014","article-title":"Genistein inhibits African swine fever virus replication in vitro by disrupting viral DNA synthesis","volume":"156","author":"Arabyan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Antivir. 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