{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,25]],"date-time":"2026-08-25T01:06:03Z","timestamp":1787619963844,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":61,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1661126400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    is one of the common causal agents of bacterial gastroenteritis-related morbidity and mortality among children below 5\u2009years and the elderly populations. Salmonellosis in humans is caused mainly by consuming contaminated food originating from animals. The genus\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    has several serovars, and many of them are recently reported to be resistant to multiple drugs. Therefore, isolation of lytic\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    bacteriophages in search of bactericidal activity has received importance. In this study, a\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    phage STWB21 was isolated from a lake water sample and found to be a novel lytic phage with promising potential against the host bacteria\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella typhi.<\/jats:italic>\n                    However, some polyvalence was observed in their broad host range. In addition to\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhi,<\/jats:italic>\n                    the phage STWB21 was able to infect\n                    <jats:italic>S. paratyphi, S. typhimurium, S. enteritidis,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and a few other bacterial species such as\n                    <jats:italic>Sh. flexneri 2a, Sh. flexneri 3a,<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>ETEC.<\/jats:italic>\n                    The newly isolated phage STWB21 belongs to the\n                    <jats:italic>Siphoviridae<\/jats:italic>\n                    family with an icosahedral head and a long flexible non-contractile tail. Phage STWB21 is relatively stable under a wide range of pH (4\u201311) and temperatures (4\u00b0C\u201350\u00b0C) for different\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    serovars. The latent period and burst size of phage STWB21 against\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    were 25\u2009min and 161 plaque-forming units per cell. Since\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    is a foodborne pathogen, the phage STWB21 was applied to treat a 24\u2009h biofilm formed in onion and milk under laboratory conditions. A significant reduction was observed in the bacterial population of\n                    <jats:italic>S. typhi<\/jats:italic>\n                    biofilm in both cases. Phage STWB21 contained a dsDNA of 112,834\u2009bp in length, and the GC content was 40.37%. Also, genomic analysis confirmed the presence of lytic genes and the absence of any lysogeny or toxin genes. Overall, the present study reveals phage STWB21 has a promising ability to be used as a biocontrol agent of\n                    <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic>\n                    spp. and proposes its application in food industries.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.980025","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]],"date-time":"2022-08-22T04:42:58Z","timestamp":1661143378000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["Isolation, characterization, and application of a novel polyvalent lytic phage STWB21 against typhoidal and nontyphoidal Salmonella spp."],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Payel","family":"Mondal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bani","family":"Mallick","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Moumita","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shanta","family":"Dutta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,8,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/biologics1020010","article-title":"Isolation and characterization of bacteriophage ZCSE6 against salmonella spp.: phage application in Milk","volume":"1","author":"Abdelsattar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biologics"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1007\/s00705-006-0849-1","article-title":"5500 phages examined in the electron microscope","volume":"152","author":"Ackermann","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. 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