{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T12:47:31Z","timestamp":1790858851577,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1663718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G00003542"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G00003542"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100006013","name":"United Arab Emirates University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["G00003430"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["G00003430"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100006013","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Antimicrobial resistance is a global public health threat. Antibiotic development pipeline has few new drugs; therefore, using antibiotic adjuvants has been envisioned as a successful method to preserve existing medications to fight multidrug-resistant (MDR) pathogens. In this study, we investigated the synergistic effect of a polymyxin derivative known as polymyxin B nonapeptide (PMBN) with azithromycin (AZT). A total of 54 <jats:italic>Escherichia coli<\/jats:italic> strains were first characterized for macrolide resistance genes, and susceptibility to different antibiotics, including AZT. A subset of 24 strains was then selected for synergy testing by the checkerboard assay. PMBN was able to re-sensitize the bacteria to AZT, even in strains with high minimum inhibitory concentrations (MIC: 32 to \u2265128\u2009\u03bcg\/ml) for AZT, and in strains resistant to the last resort drugs such as colistin and meropenem. The fractional inhibitory concentration index was lower than 0.5, demonstrating that PMBN and AZT combinations had a synergistic effect. The combinations worked efficiently in strains carrying <jats:italic>mphA<\/jats:italic> gene encoding macrolide phosphotransferase which can cause macrolide inactivation. However, the combinations were inactive in strains having an additional <jats:italic>ermB<\/jats:italic> gene encoding macrolide methylase which causes ribosomal drug target alteration. Killing kinetics study showed a significant reduction of bacterial growth after 6\u2009h of treatment with complete killing achieved after 24\u2009h. Transmission electron microscopy showed morphological alterations in the bacteria treated with PMBN alone or in combination with AZT, with evidence of damage to the outer membrane. These results suggested that PMBN acted by increasing the permeability of bacterial outer membrane to AZT, which was also evident using a fluorometric assay. Using multiple antimicrobial agents could therefore be a promising strategy in the eradication of MDR bacteria. PMBN is a good candidate for use with other antibiotics to potentiate their activity, but further studies are required <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>. This will significantly contribute to resolving antimicrobial resistance crisis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.998671","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]],"date-time":"2022-09-21T05:53:07Z","timestamp":1663739587000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":22,"title":["Discerning the role of polymyxin B nonapeptide in restoring the antibacterial activity of azithromycin against antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"13","author":[{"given":"Farah","family":"Al-Marzooq","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Akela","family":"Ghazawi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saeed","family":"Tariq","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lana","family":"Daoud","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy","family":"Collyns","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2022,9,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.4103\/0972-5229.132495","article-title":"Current concepts in combination antibiotic therapy for critically ill patients","volume":"18","author":"Ahmed","year":"2014","journal-title":"Indian J. 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