{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T06:46:35Z","timestamp":1790750795029,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":65,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1674604800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2019\/03396-9"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2019\/03396-9"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001807","name":"S\u00e3o Paulo Research Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022\/03534-5"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022\/03534-5"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001807","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Currently there are sparse regulations regarding the discharge of antibiotics from wastewater treatment plants (WWTP) into river systems, making surface waters a latent reservoir for antibiotics and antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs). To better understand factors that influence the fate of ARGs in the environment and to foster surveillance of antibiotic resistance spreading in such habitats, several indicator genes have been proposed, including the integrase gene\n                      <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and the sulfonamide resistance genes\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                      .\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Here we used quantitative PCR and long-read nanopore sequencing to monitor the abundance of these indicator genes and ARGs present as class 1 integron gene cassettes in a river system from pristine source to WWTP-impacted water. ARG abundance was compared with the dynamics of the microbial communities determined\n                      <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                      16S rRNA gene amplicon sequencing, conventional water parameters and the concentration of sulfamethoxazole (SMX), sulfamethazine (SMZ) and sulfadiazine (SDZ).\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Results<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>\n                      Our results show that WWTP effluent was the principal source of all three sulfonamides with highest concentrations for SMX (median 8.6\u2009ng\/l), and of the indicator genes\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      ,\n                      <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                      with median relative abundance to 16S rRNA gene of 0.55, 0.77 and 0.65%, respectively. Downstream from the WWTP, water quality improved constantly, including lower sulfonamide concentrations, decreasing abundances of\n                      <jats:italic>sul1<\/jats:italic>\n                      and\n                      <jats:italic>sul2<\/jats:italic>\n                      and lower numbers and diversity of ARGs in the class 1 integron. The riverine microbial community partially recovered after receiving WWTP effluent, which was consolidated by a microbiome recovery model. Surprisingly, the relative abundance of\n                      <jats:italic>intI1<\/jats:italic>\n                      increased 3-fold over 13\u2009km of the river stretch, suggesting an internal gene multiplication.\n                    <\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>\n                  <jats:sec>\n                    <jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title>\n                    <jats:p>We found no evidence that low amounts of sulfonamides in the aquatic environment stimulate the maintenance or even spread of corresponding ARGs. Nevertheless, class 1 integrons carrying various ARGs were still present 13\u2009km downstream from the WWTP. Therefore, limiting the release of ARG-harboring microorganisms may be more crucial for restricting the environmental spread of antimicrobial resistance than attenuating ng\/L concentrations of antibiotics.<\/jats:p>\n                  <\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1058350","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]],"date-time":"2023-01-25T09:31:26Z","timestamp":1674639086000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["The fate of sulfonamide resistance genes and anthropogenic pollution marker intI1 after discharge of wastewater into a pristine river stream"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sarah","family":"Haenelt","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gangan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jonas Coelho","family":"Kasmanas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Florin","family":"Musat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hans Hermann","family":"Richnow","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ulisses Nunes","family":"da Rocha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jochen A.","family":"M\u00fcller","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Niculina","family":"Musat","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0208269","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0208269","article-title":"High abundances of class 1 integrase and sulfonamide resistance genes, and characterisation of class 1 integron gene cassettes in four urban wetlands in Nigeria","volume":"13","author":"Adelowo","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229451","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229451","article-title":"A survey of extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacteriaceae in urban wetlands in southwestern Nigeria as a step towards generating prevalence maps of antimicrobial resistance","volume":"15","author":"Adelowo","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"D517","DOI":"10.1093\/nar\/gkz935","article-title":"CARD 2020: antibiotic resistome surveillance with the comprehensive antibiotic resistance database","volume":"48","author":"Alcock","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nucleic Acids Res."},{"key":"ref4","volume-title":"A Dictionary of Zoology","author":"Allaby","year":"2009"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"138388","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.138388","article-title":"Unraveling longitudinal pollution patterns of organic micropollutants in a river by non-target screening and cluster analysis","volume":"727","author":"Beckers","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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