{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T16:24:50Z","timestamp":1789575890621,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680220800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"Introduction<\/jats:title>A lower prevalence of dental caries (hereafter termed \u201ccaries\u201d) has been observed in children with dental extrinsic black stain (EBS).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Methods<\/jats:title>We investigated the epidemiologic characterization of EBS and explored the possible role of the oral microbiome (OM) and gut microbiome (GM) in EBS formation and caries prevention. In an epidemiologic survey, 2,675 children aged 3\u20136 years were included. Thirty-eight of these children (7 children had both caries and EBS, 10 had EBS only, 11 had caries only, and 10 were healthy children) were recruited for 16S rRNA sequencing and collection of samples of supragingival plaque and feces. Collected plaque samples were divided into four groups: BCP (EBS+, caries+), BP (EBS+, caries\u2212), CP (EBS\u2212, caries+), and P (EBS\u2212, caries\u2212). Fecal samples were also divided into four groups: BCF (EBS+, caries+), BF (EBS+, caries\u2212), CF<\/jats:italic> (EBS\u2212, caries+), and F (EBS\u2212, caries\u2212).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>Results<\/jats:title>EBS was observed in 12.10% of this population. Children with EBS had a significantly reduced prevalence of caries and a lower mean value of decayed\u2013missing\u2013filled teeth (dmft; p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.01). According to analyses of dental plaque, the P group had the most complex microbiome. The BCP group exhibited greater operational taxonomic unit (OTU) richness but a reduced evenness compared with the BP group, and the CP group showed greater OTU richness than the BP group. At the genus level, higher abundance of Actinomyces<\/jats:italic> and Cardiobacterium<\/jats:italic> species was observed in the BCP group. Higher abundance of Lautropia<\/jats:italic> and Pesudopropionibacteriumin<\/jats:italic> species was observed in the BP group compared with P and CP groups, respectively (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). Veillonella<\/jats:italic> species were significantly more common in P and CP groups than in BP groups, whereas Porphyromonas<\/jats:italic> and Fusobacterium<\/jats:italic> species were more common in the CP group (p<\/jats:italic>\u2009&lt;\u20090.05). With regard to the GM, the CF<\/jats:italic> group exhibited greater OTU diversity than the BF group. The GM in the BCF group exhibited the most complex relationships across all fecal groups. GM groups could be distinguished by various unique biomarkers, such as Escherichia<\/jats:italic> and Shigella<\/jats:italic> species in the BCF group, Agathobacter<\/jats:italic> and Ruminococcus<\/jats:italic> species in the CF<\/jats:italic> group, Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> species in the BF group, and Roseburia<\/jats:italic> species in the F group. Our results suggest that EBS is a possible protective factor against early-childhood caries. Dental plaque and the GM may be relevant to EBS in primary dentition.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1081629","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T07:28:31Z","timestamp":1680247711000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":15,"title":["Characterization of the oral microbiome and gut microbiome of dental caries and extrinsic black stain in preschool children"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Luoyuan","family":"Zheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Puling","family":"Xiong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yulian","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Limin","family":"Wei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jianfeng","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.17796\/jcpd.36.3.21466m672t723713","article-title":"Salivary parameters and caries indices in children with black tooth stains","volume":"36","author":"Aysun","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1487741","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2018.1487741","article-title":"Defining the gut microbiota in individuals with periodontal diseases: an exploratory study","volume":"10","author":"Baeta","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2016-0130","article-title":"Roseburia spp.: a marker of health?","author":"Bousarghin","year":"2017","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neurobiolaging.2016.08.019","article-title":"Association of brain amyloidosis with pro-inflammatory gut bacterial taxa and peripheral inflammation markers in cognitively impaired elderly","volume":"49","author":"Cattaneo","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Aging"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1535","DOI":"10.4103\/njcp.njcp_49_21","article-title":"The complex microbiome of caries-active and caries-free supragingival plaques in permanent dentition","volume":"24","author":"Celik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Niger. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"310","DOI":"10.1159\/000517006","article-title":"Comparative microbial profiles of caries and black extrinsic tooth stain in primary dentition","volume":"55","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0143603","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0143603","article-title":"Oral microbiota and risk for esophageal squamous cell carcinoma in a high-risk area of China","volume":"10","author":"Chen","year":"2015","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2059","DOI":"10.1007\/s00784-013-1184-z","article-title":"Factors associated with black tooth stain in Chinese preschool children","volume":"18","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Clin. Oral Investig."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1186\/s12903-019-0960-9","article-title":"Comparing dental plaque microbiome diversity of extrinsic black stain in the primary dentition using Illumina MiSeq sequencing technique","volume":"19","author":"Chen","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Oral Health"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"i884","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/bty560","article-title":"Fastp: an ultra-fast all-in-one FASTQ preprocessor","volume":"34","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4422","DOI":"10.1099\/ijsem.0.001367","article-title":"The natural history of cutaneous propionibacteria, and reclassification of selected species within the genus Propionibacterium to the proposed novel genera Acidipropionibacterium gen. Nov., Cutibacterium gen. Nov. and Pseudopropionibacterium gen. Nov","volume":"66","author":"Christian","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Evol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref57","first-page":"29","article-title":"Early childhood caries update: a review of causes, diagnoses, and treatments","volume-title":"J. Nat. Sci. Biol. Med.","author":"Colak","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"603","DOI":"10.1159\/000518963","article-title":"Functionally active microbiome in Supragingival biofilms in health and caries","volume":"55","author":"Corralo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"770917","DOI":"10.3389\/froh.2021.770917","article-title":"Meta-analysis using NGS data: the Veillonella species in dental caries","volume":"2","author":"Dame-Teixeira","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Oral Health"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/srep23561","article-title":"Altered mucosal microbiome diversity and disease severity in Sjgren syndrome","volume":"6","author":"de Paivia","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"996","DOI":"10.1038\/nmeth.2604","article-title":"UPARSE: highly accurate OTU sequences from microbial amplicon reads","volume":"10","author":"Edgar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Methods"},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1007\/s40368-020-00549-3","article-title":"Black stain and dental caries in primary teeth of Tunisian preschool children","volume":"22","author":"Elelmi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Arch. Paediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1159\/000337280","article-title":"Association between black stains and dental caries in primary teeth: findings from a Brazilian population-based birth cohort","volume":"46","author":"Fran\u00e7a-Pinto","year":"2012","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1111\/ped.12066","article-title":"Prevalence of black stain and associated risk factors in preschool Spanish children","volume":"55","author":"Garcia Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pediatr. Int."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaut.2013.11.003","article-title":"Differentiation of follicular helper T cells by salivary gland epithelial cells in primary Sjogren's syndrome","volume":"51","author":"Gong","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Autoimmun."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102590","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.11.051","article-title":"Role of gut microbiota in type 2 diabetes pathophysiology","volume":"51","author":"Gurung","year":"2020","journal-title":"EBioMed."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"692225","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.692225","article-title":"Dental biofilm microbiota Dysbiosis is associated with the risk of acute graft-versus-host disease after allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation","volume":"12","author":"Heidrich","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1159\/000353469","article-title":"Dental caries and microbiota in children with black stain and non-discoloured dental plaque","volume":"48","author":"Heinrich-Weltzien","year":"2014","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0528.2008.00458.x","article-title":"Black stain and dental caries in Filipino schoolchildren","volume":"37","author":"Heinrich-Weltzien","year":"2009","journal-title":"Community Dent. Oral Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1766166","DOI":"10.1080\/20002297.2020.1766166","article-title":"Microbiology of molar-incisor hypomineralization lesions. A pilot study","volume":"12","author":"Hernandez","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Oral Microbiol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1038\/ismej.2015.127","article-title":"Microorganisms linked to inflammatory bowel disease-associated dysbiosis differentially impact host physiology in gnotobiotic mice","volume":"10","author":"Hoffmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"ISME J."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2020.00855","article-title":"The gut microbiota and associated metabolites are altered in sleep disorder of children with autism Spectrum disorders","volume":"11","author":"Hua","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"724","DOI":"10.1016\/S0016-5085(00)70142-9","article-title":"The luminal short-chain fatty acid butyrate modulates NF-\u03baB activity in a human colonic epithelial cell line","volume":"118","author":"Inan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"454","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1710.10028","article-title":"Association of Salivary Microbiota with dental caries incidence with dentine involvement after 4 years","volume":"28","author":"Kim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1021","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520924633","article-title":"The bacterial connection between the Oral cavity and the gut diseases","volume":"99","author":"Kitamoto","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1089\/gtmb.2020.0263","article-title":"Association between the Taq I (rs731236 T>C) gene polymorphism and dental caries risk: a meta-analysis. Genetic testing and molecular","volume":"25","author":"Lei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomarkers"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1369","DOI":"10.1007\/s00284-019-01761-1","article-title":"Lautropia dentalis sp. nov., isolated from human dental plaque of a gingivitis lesion","volume":"76","author":"Lim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"713","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034520913248","article-title":"Structural and functional characteristics of the microbiome in deep-dentin caries","volume":"99","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref34","first-page":"576","article-title":"Research progress in the relationship between Veillonella and oral diseases","volume-title":"Hua Xi Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi","author":"Luo","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2957","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btr507","article-title":"FLASH: fast length adjustment of short reads to improve genome assemblies","volume":"27","author":"Mago\u010d","year":"2011","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"ref36","author":"Martin-Gallausiaux","year":"2016"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0229029","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0229029","article-title":"Gut dysbiosis is prevailing in Sjgren's syndrome and is related to dry eye severity","volume":"15","author":"Moon","year":"2020","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055","DOI":"10.1093\/cid\/cis1023","article-title":"Infection, illness, and fenugreek seeds: was illness a good enough proxy for infection in the 2011 outbreak of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli O104:H4 in France?","volume":"7","author":"Morgan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis. Off. Publ. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1002\/cre2.317","article-title":"Microbiomes of colored dental biofilms in children with or without severe caries experience","volume":"6","author":"Nagai","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1002\/JPER.20-0194","article-title":"Subgingival microbiome and clinical periodontal status in an elderly cohort: The WHICAP ancillary study of oral health","volume-title":"J. Periodontol.","author":"Papapanou","year":"2020"},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"427","DOI":"10.3290\/j.qi.a29149","article-title":"Are there metallic traces in black extrinsic dental stain?","volume":"44","author":"Parnas","year":"2013","journal-title":"Quintessence Int."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1223","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.24476","article-title":"The role of inflammation and the gut microbiome in depression and anxiety","volume":"97","author":"Peirce","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103539","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jdent.2020.103539","article-title":"Dental plaque microbiota profiles of children with caries-free and caries-active dentition","volume":"104","author":"Qudeimat","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Dent."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"413","DOI":"10.1080\/1040841X.2019.1621261","article-title":"An introduction of the role of probiotics in human infections and autoimmune diseases","volume":"45","author":"Sales-Campos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S15","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpe.12682","article-title":"Role of microbial biofilms in the maintenance of oral health and in the development of dental caries and periodontal diseases. Consensus report of group 1 of the Joint EFP\/ORCA workshop on the boundaries between caries and periodontal disease","volume":"44","author":"Sanz","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Periodontol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-019-0213-6","article-title":"Microbial genes and pathways in inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"17","author":"Schirmer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"927","DOI":"10.1177\/0022034512456039","article-title":"Microbiological characterization in children with aggressive periodontitis","volume":"91","author":"Shaddox","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Dent. Res."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1751","DOI":"10.1111\/jgh.14144","article-title":"Insights into Roseburia intestinalis which alleviates experimental colitis pathology by inducing anti-inflammatory responses","volume":"33","author":"Shen","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"607735","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.607735","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus rhamnosus GG promotes mouse gut microbiota diversity and T cell differentiation","volume":"11","author":"Shi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"217","DOI":"10.17796\/1053-4628-42.3.9","article-title":"Dental diseases and intestinal Dysbiosis among children","volume":"42","author":"Shishniashvili","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Pediatr. Dent."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0722.1974.tb00405.x","article-title":"The microflora of black stain on human primary teeth","volume":"82","author":"Slots","year":"1974","journal-title":"Eur. J. Oral Sci."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1957","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms2957","article-title":"Persistent infection with Crohn's disease-associated adherent-invasive Escherichia coli leads to chronic inflammation and intestinal fibrosis","volume":"4","author":"Small","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"846","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-44-4-846","article-title":"Taxonomic note: a place for DNA-DNA Reassociation and 16S rRNA sequence analysis in the present species definition in bacteriology","volume":"44","author":"Stackebrandt","year":"1994","journal-title":"Int. J. Syst. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.3290\/j.ohpd.b2960285","article-title":"Anti-caries and anti-microbial effects of school-based fluoride programs in Myanmar schoolchildren","volume":"20","author":"Thwin","year":"2022","journal-title":"Oral Health Prev. Dent."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5261","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00062-07","article-title":"Nave Bayesian classifier for rapid assignment of rRNA sequences into the new bacterial taxonomy. Applied environmental microbiology","volume":"73","author":"Wang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/nature13564","article-title":"Interleukin-22 alleviates metabolic disorders and restores mucosal immunity in diabetes","volume":"514","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"419","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.00419","article-title":"Enamel and dentin caries risk factors of adolescents in the context of the international caries detection and assessment system (ICDAS): a longitudinal study","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref61","article-title":"Research progress on the relationship between lactobacillus and Streptococcus mutans in caries","author":"Wang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Chin. J. Conserv. Dent."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.bdj.4800959","article-title":"Tooth discolouration and staining: a review of the literature","volume":"190","author":"Watts","year":"2001","journal-title":"Br. Dent. J."},{"key":"ref40","year":"2013"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3045","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-021-02292-9","article-title":"Salivary microbial community alterations due to probiotic yogurt in preschool children with healthy deciduous teeth","volume":"203","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"667","DOI":"10.3760\/cma.j.issn.1002-0098.2017.11.004","article-title":"A 2-year cohort study on the caries risk assessment of 3-year-old caries-free children using Cariostat caries activity test","volume":"52","author":"Xuan","year":"2017","journal-title":"Zhonghua Kou Qiang Yi Xue Za Zhi"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"234","DOI":"10.1007\/s12072-019-09932-9","article-title":"Influence of proton pump inhibitors on microbiota in chronic liver disease patients","volume":"13","author":"Yamamoto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1111\/lam.12728","article-title":"A preliminary study on the relationship between iron and black extrinsic tooth stain in children","volume":"64","author":"Zhang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lett. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"751361","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2022.751361","article-title":"Epidemiological and microbiome characterization of black tooth stain in preschool children","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.2337\/db08-1637","article-title":"Butyrate improves insulin sensitivity and increases energy expenditure in mice","author":"Zhanguo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Diabetes"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.541144","article-title":"Alterations of Oral microbiota in Chinese patients with esophageal cancer. Frontiers in cellular and infection","volume":"10","author":"Zhao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1917","DOI":"10.3892\/mmr.2018.8833","article-title":"Roseburia intestinalis inhibits interleukin-17 excretion and promotes regulatory T cells differentiation in colitis","volume":"38","author":"Zhu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Med. Rep."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"469392","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/469392","article-title":"Black stain and dental caries: a review of the literature","volume":"2015","author":"Zyla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1081629\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]],"date-time":"2023-03-31T07:29:02Z","timestamp":1680247742000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1081629\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"references-count":69,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1081629"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1081629","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,31]]},"article-number":"1081629"}}