{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,17]],"date-time":"2026-03-17T18:28:37Z","timestamp":1773772117805,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":103,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1675382400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The genus <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> provides a typical example of intracellular bacteria that infect the germline of arthropods and filarial nematodes worldwide. Their importance as biological regulators of invertebrates, so it is particularly important to study the evolution, divergence and host adaptation of these bacteria at the genome-wide level.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we used publicly available <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> genomes to reconstruct their evolutionary history and explore their adaptation under host selection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Our findings indicate that segmental and single-gene duplications, such as DNA methylase, bZIP transcription factor, heat shock protein 90, in single monophyletic <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> lineages (including supergroups A and B) may be responsible for improving the ability to adapt to a broad host range in arthropod-infecting strains. In contrast to A strains, high genetic diversity and rapidly evolving gene families occur in B strains, which may promote the ability of supergroup B strains to adapt to new hosts and their large-scale spreading. In addition, we hypothesize that there might have been two independent horizontal transfer events of <jats:italic>cif<\/jats:italic> genes in two sublineages of supergroup A strains. Interestingly, during the independent evolution of supergroup A and B strains, the rapid evolution of <jats:italic>cif<\/jats:italic> genes in supergroup B strains resulted in the loss of their functional domain, reflected in a possible decrease in the proportion of induced cytoplasmic incompatibility (CI) strains.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This present study highlights for reconstructing of evolutionary history, addressing host adaptation-related evolution and exploring the origin and divergence of CI genes in each <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> supergroup. Our results thus not only provide a basis for further exploring the evolutionary history of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> adaptation under host selection but also reveal a new research direction for studying the molecular regulation of <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>- induced cytoplasmic incompatibility.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1084839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]],"date-time":"2023-02-03T05:21:12Z","timestamp":1675401672000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Pangenomic analysis of Wolbachia provides insight into the evolution of host adaptation and cytoplasmic incompatibility factor genes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Bo","family":"Liu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ye-Song","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Cheng-Yuan","family":"Su","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yoshihisa","family":"Abe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dao-Hong","family":"Zhu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,2,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e1002415","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1002415","article-title":"Wolbachia symbiont infections induce strong cytoplasmic incompatibility in the tsetse fly Glossina morsitans","volume":"7","author":"Alam","year":"2011","journal-title":"PLoS Pathog."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1098\/rspb.2008.1012","article-title":"Genome size and wing parameters in passerine birds","volume":"276","author":"Andrews","year":"2009","journal-title":"Proc. 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