{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,10]],"date-time":"2026-09-10T22:35:37Z","timestamp":1789079737211,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680480000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Fusarium toxins are one of the most common contaminants in poultry diets. The co-occurrence of fumonisins (FUM) and deoxynivalenol (DON), even at a subclinical dose, negatively affects the growth performance, intestinal integrity and induce subclinical necrotic enteritis in broiler chickens. Loss of gut integrity can be expected to alter the intestinal microbiota\u2019s composition. The objective of this study was to identify the effects of combined FUM and DON on the cecal microbiome profile and predicted metabolic functions and a short chain fatty acid profile in broilers challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    . A total of 240 1 day-old chicks were randomly assigned to two treatments: a control diet and the control diet with 3 mg\/kg FUM + 4 mg\/kg DON each with eight replications. All the birds were received cocci vaccine at d0. All birds in both treatment groups were challenged with\n                    <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>\n                    1 \u00d7 10\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    CFU\n                    <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic>\n                    feed on d 19 and 20 to achieve 5% mortality. On d 35, the FUM and DON contaminated diet numerically (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.06) decreased the body weight gain (BWG) by 84 g compared to the control group. The bacterial compositions of the cecal contents were analyzed by sequencing the V3\u2013V4 region of the 16S rRNA gene. Overall, microbial richness and diversity increased (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.02) during the studied period (d 21\u201335). Cecal contents of birds in the FUM + DON group had greater (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) microbial evenness and diversity (Shannon index) compared to the control group. FUM + DON exposure decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.001) the relative abundance of\n                    <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic>\n                    in the cecal content, compared to the control group. The combined FUM + DON significantly increased the relative abundance of the\n                    <jats:italic>Defluviitaleaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Lachnospiraceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    families (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) but decreased the abundances of the\n                    <jats:italic>Moraxellaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Streptococcaceae<\/jats:italic>\n                    (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05) compared to the control group birds. At the genus level, FUM + DON exposure decreased (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    &amp;lt; 0.05)\n                    <jats:italic>Acinetobacter<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>Pseudomonas<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance and had a tendency (\n                    <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>\n                    = 0.08) to decrease\n                    <jats:italic>Thermincola<\/jats:italic>\n                    abundance compared to the control group. In the ileum, no NE-specific microscopic abnormalities were found; however, the tip of the ileal villi were compromised. The present findings showed that dietary FUM and DON contamination, even at subclinical levels, altered cecal microbial composition, dysregulated intestinal functions, and impaired the gut immune response, potentially predisposing the birds to necrotic enteritis.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1106604","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]],"date-time":"2023-04-03T12:02:39Z","timestamp":1680523359000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Subclinical doses of dietary fumonisins and deoxynivalenol cause cecal microbiota dysbiosis in broiler chickens challenged with Clostridium perfringens"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Revathi","family":"Shanmugasundaram","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jeferson","family":"Lourenco","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Walid Al","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Madison M.","family":"Dycus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Todd J.","family":"Applegate","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731111002278","article-title":"Meta-analytical study of productive and nutritional interactions of mycotoxins in growing pigs.","volume":"6","author":"Andretta","year":"2012","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s13567-015-0234-8","article-title":"Fumonisins affect the intestinal microbial homeostasis in broiler chickens, predisposing to necrotic enteritis.","volume":"46","author":"Antonissen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Vet. 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