{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,16]],"date-time":"2026-09-16T17:25:14Z","timestamp":1789579514103,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1673913600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>\n                    Several\n                    <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>\n                    and\n                    <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic>\n                    studies have evaluated the effect of probiotics on oral health; however, human clinical studies are still limited. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the effects of\n                    <jats:italic>Weissella cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    Chonnam Medical University (CMU)-containing tablets on halitosis. This randomized, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study included 100 adults with halitosis (age, 20\u201370\u2009years). The participants were randomly assigned to the test group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950) and control group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200950). One tablet [1\u2009\u00d7\u200910\n                    <jats:sup>8<\/jats:sup>\n                    colony forming units (CFU)\/tablet] was to be taken each day over 8\u2009weeks. The concentrations of volatile sulfur compounds (VSCs), bad breath improvement scores, and oral colonization of\n                    <jats:italic>W. cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    were measured. Psychosocial indicators including depression, self-esteem, oral health-related quality of life, and subjective oral health status were evaluated. Most variables were assessed at baseline, 4, and 8\u2009weeks, and\n                    <jats:italic>W. cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    number and safety variables were assessed at baseline and 8\u2009weeks. Intergroup comparisons were carried out using Student\u2019s\n                    <jats:italic>t<\/jats:italic>\n                    -test, Chi-square test, or Fisher\u2019s exact test on per-protocol analysis. Intragroup differences before and after intake were analyzed using the linear mixed-effect model (LMM). Per-protocol analysis was carried out in the test group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200945) and control group (\n                    <jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u200946). Total VSC was significantly lower in the probiotics group than in the placebo group at baseline (week 0,\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.046) and at 8\u2009weeks (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.017). The sum of hydrogen sulfide and methyl mercaptan did not differ significantly between the groups at baseline; however, it was significantly lower in the probiotics group than in the placebo group at week 8 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.012). Bad breath improvement (BBI) scores were significantly reduced at week 8 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009=\u20090.006) in the probiotics group. Statistically significant intergroup differences were observed for changes in the level of\n                    <jats:italic>W. cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    at week 8 (\n                    <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic>\n                    \u2009&amp;lt;\u20090.001). Psychological indicators significantly improved from baseline to week 8 in the probiotics group. No safety issues were observed in either group. The levels of\n                    <jats:italic>W. cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    was higher in patients with halitosis using\n                    <jats:italic>W. cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    CMU-containing tablets. The subjective degree of bad breath and psychological indicators were improved in patients with halitosis using\n                    <jats:italic>W. cibaria<\/jats:italic>\n                    CMU-containing tablets.\n                  <\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1108762","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]],"date-time":"2023-01-17T00:14:30Z","timestamp":1673914470000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Improvement of halitosis by probiotic bacterium Weissella cibaria CMU: A randomized controlled trial"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Hee-seung","family":"Han","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haeji","family":"Yum","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Young-Dan","family":"Cho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sungtae","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,1,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1159\/000016430","article-title":"Ecological study of Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus sobrinus and Lactobacillus spp. at sub-sites from approximal dental plaque from children","volume":"32","author":"Babaahmady","year":"1998","journal-title":"Caries Res."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1099\/00207713-52-1-141","article-title":"Taxonomic study of Weissella confusa and description of Weissella cibaria sp. nov., detected in food and clinical samples","volume":"52","author":"Bjorkroth","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. 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