{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T14:22:10Z","timestamp":1788963730652,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678147200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Objective<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 (MALT1) modulates the inflammatory immune response and organ dysfunction, which are closely implicated in sepsis pathogenesis and progression. This study aimed to explore the role of MALT1 in sepsis-induced organ injury, immune cell dysregulation, and inflammatory storms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Septic mice were constructed by intraperitoneal injection of lipopolysaccharide, followed by overexpression or knockdown of MALT1 by tail vein injection of the corresponding lentivirus. Mouse na\u00efve CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells and bone marrow-derived macrophages were treated with MALT1 overexpression\/knockdown lentivirus plus lipopolysaccharide.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>In the lungs, livers, and kidneys of septic mice, MALT1 overexpression exaggerated their injuries, as shown by hematoxylin and eosin staining (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05), elevated cell apoptosis, as reflected by the TUNEL assay and cleaved caspase-3 expression (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05 in the lungs and kidneys), and promoted macrophage infiltration, as illustrated by CD68 immunofluorescence (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05 in the lungs and kidneys). Meanwhile, in the blood, MALT1 overexpression reduced T-helper (Th)1\/Th2 cells, increased Th17\/regulatory T-cell ratios (both <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05), promoted systematic inflammation, as revealed by tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1, interleukin-6, interleukin-1\u03b2, and C-reactive protein (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05), elevated oxidative stress, as shown by nitric oxide (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05), superoxide dismutase, and malondialdehyde (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05), and enhanced liver and kidney dysfunction, as revealed by an automatic animal biochemistry analyzer (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05 except for aspartate aminotransferase). However, MALT1 knockdown exerted the opposite effect as MALT1 overexpression. <jats:italic>Ex vivo<\/jats:italic> experiments revealed that MALT1 overexpression promoted the polarization of M1 macrophages and na\u00efve CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells toward Th2 and Th17 cells (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05), while MALT1 knockdown attenuated these effects (all <jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05). Mechanistically, MALT1 positively regulated the nuclear factor-\u03baB (NF-\u03baB) pathway both <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>ex vivo<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>p<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt;\u20090.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 amplifies multiple organ injury, inflammation, oxidative stress, and imbalance of macrophages and CD4<jats:sup>+<\/jats:sup> T cells by activating the NF-\u03baB pathway in sepsis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1117285","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]],"date-time":"2023-03-07T05:16:20Z","timestamp":1678166180000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue lymphoma translocation protein 1 exaggerates multiple organ injury, inflammation, and immune cell imbalance by activating the NF-\u03baB pathway in sepsis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Yane","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zhimin","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengli","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bo","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fen","family":"Ai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,7]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2337","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.1900281","article-title":"MALT1 protease plays a dual role in the allergic response by acting in both mast cells and endothelial cells","volume":"204","author":"Alfano","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. 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