{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T18:52:01Z","timestamp":1788893521915,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":169,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1677628800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Relationship between drugs and microbiota is bilateral. Proper composition thus function of microbiota is a key to some medications used in modern medicine. However, there is also the other side of the coin. Pharmacotherapeutic agents can modify the microbiota significantly, which consequently affects its function. A recently published study showed that nearly 25% of drugs administered to humans have antimicrobial effects. Multiple antidepressants are antimicrobials,. and antibiotics with proven antidepressant effects do exist. On the other hand, antibiotics (e.g., isoniaside, minocycline) confer mental phenotype changes, and adverse effects caused by some antibiotics include neurological and psychological symptoms which further supports the hypothesis that intestinal microbiota may affect the function of the central nervous system. Here we gathered comprehensively data on drugs used in psychiatry regarding their antimicrobial properties. We believe our data has strong implications for the treatment of psychiatric entities. Nevertheless the study of ours highlights the need for more well-designed trials aimed at analysis of gut microbiota function.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125022","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T07:07:25Z","timestamp":1677654445000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Clinical significance of microbiota changes under the influence of psychotropic drugs. An updated narrative review"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Agata","family":"Misera","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Igor","family":"\u0141oniewski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Joanna","family":"Palma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Monika","family":"Kulaszy\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wiktoria","family":"Czarnecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariusz","family":"Kaczmarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pawe\u0142","family":"Li\u015bkiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jerzy","family":"Samochowiec","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"319","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.13858","article-title":"Chronic opioid use is associated with altered gut microbiota and predicts readmissions in patients with cirrhosis","volume":"45","author":"Acharya","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e44245","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0044245","article-title":"Activity of Trifluoperazine against replicating, non-replicating and drug resistant M. tuberculosis","volume":"7","author":"Advani","year":"2012","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/s13024-021-00427-6","article-title":"Relationships of gut microbiota, short-chain fatty acids, inflammation, and the gut barrier in Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"16","author":"Aho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Neurodegener."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"17878","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74934-9","article-title":"Unravelling the antimicrobial action of antidepressants on gut commensal microbes","volume":"10","author":"Ait Chait","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2015.09.003","article-title":"Clinical and metabolic response to probiotic administration in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"32","author":"Akkasheh","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-022-06066-4","article-title":"The influence of perceived stress on the human microbiome","volume":"15","author":"Almand","year":"2022","journal-title":"BMC. Res. Notes"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"E3","DOI":"10.3390\/antibiotics6010003","article-title":"Thioridazine: A non-antibiotic drug highly effective, in combination with first line anti-tuberculosis drugs, against any form of antibiotic resistance of mycobacterium tuberculosis due to its multi-mechanisms of action","volume":"6","author":"Amaral","year":"2017","journal-title":"Antibiotics (Basel)"},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102361","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ctim.2020.102361","article-title":"The effects of probiotic supplementation on mental health, biomarkers of inflammation and oxidative stress in patients with psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"49","author":"Amirani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Complement. Ther. Med."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s40709-015-0028-1","article-title":"Sertraline enhances the activity of antimicrobial agents against pathogens of clinical relevance","volume":"22","author":"Ayaz","year":"2015","journal-title":"J Biol Res (Thessalon)"},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e652","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2015.135","article-title":"Use of the second-generation antipsychotic, risperidone, and secondary weight gain are associated with an altered gut microbiota in children","volume":"5","author":"Bahr","year":"","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1725","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2015.10.018","article-title":"Risperidone-induced weight gain is mediated through shifts in the gut microbiome and suppression of energy expenditure","volume":"2","author":"Bahr","year":"","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"479","DOI":"10.1016\/0035-9203(90)90006-z","article-title":"Reversal of chloroquine resistance with desipramine in isolates of plasmodium falciparum from central and West Africa","volume":"84","author":"Basco","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trans. R. Soc. Trop. Med. Hyg."},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"335","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.11.056","article-title":"A mechanistic approach to the in-vitro resistance modulating effects of fluoxetine against meticillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus strains","volume":"127","author":"Batista de Andrade Neto","year":"2019","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bjane.2012.09.004","article-title":"The antimicrobial effects of ketamine combined with propofol: an in vitro study","volume":"63","author":"Begec","year":"2013","journal-title":"Braz J Anesthesiol"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719900464","article-title":"Gut microbiome patterns associated with treatment response in patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"65","author":"Bharwani","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1662","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2020.01662","article-title":"Criteria to qualify microorganisms as \u201cprobiotic\u201d in foods and dietary supplements","volume":"11","author":"Binda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2057","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/dkr258","article-title":"Efflux inhibition by selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors in Escherichia coli","volume":"66","author":"Bohnert","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"112","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-019-1346-1","article-title":"The effects of antipsychotic medications on microbiome and weight gain in children and adolescents","volume":"17","author":"Bretler","year":"2019","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-016-0751-3","article-title":"Antimicrobial synergy between carprofen and doxycycline against methicillin-resistant staphylococcus pseudintermedius ST71","volume":"12","author":"Brochmann","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1002\/jbt.23240","article-title":"Examination of antimicrobial effect of fluoxetine in experimental sepsis model: an in vivo study","author":"Cakir","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Biochem. Mol. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"915","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14090915","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of antidepressants and antipsychotics\u2014possibilities and implications","volume":"14","author":"Caldara","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5925","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2021.635925","article-title":"Dysbiotic gut microbiota and dysregulation of cytokine profile in children and teens with autism Spectrum disorder","volume":"15","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.3390\/ph15010105","article-title":"A 5-year study of lithium and Valproic acid drug monitoring in patients with bipolar disorders in an Italian Clinical Center","volume":"15","author":"Carli","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals (Basel)"},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1097\/PSY.0000000000000959","article-title":"Gut microbiota in psychiatric disorders: A systematic review","volume":"83","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychosom. Med."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"170","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.06.018","article-title":"The outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 of Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates the depression-like behavior of depressed mice induced by chronic stress","volume":"566","author":"Cheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4623","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14214623","article-title":"Examining the influence of the human gut microbiota on cognition and stress: A systematic review of the literature","volume":"14","author":"Cooke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20516","article-title":"What is the risk-benefit ratio of long-term antipsychotic treatment in people with schizophrenia?","volume":"17","author":"Correll","year":"2018","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"69","DOI":"10.1002\/wps.20714","article-title":"Metformin add-on vs. antipsychotic switch vs. continued antipsychotic treatment plus healthy lifestyle education in overweight or obese youth with severe mental illness: results from the IMPACT trial","volume":"19","author":"Correll","year":"2020","journal-title":"World Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"885","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2021-0093","article-title":"Effects of ketamine in methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and in silico interaction with sortase A","volume":"67","author":"Coutinho","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"328","DOI":"10.1159\/000151267","article-title":"Enhancement of the antibiotic activity against a multiresistant Escherichia coli by Mentha arvensis L. and chlorpromazine","volume":"54","author":"Coutinho","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"410","DOI":"10.1159\/000239036","article-title":"Chlorpromazine: a drug potentially useful for treating mycobacterial infections","volume":"38","author":"Crowle","year":"1992","journal-title":"Chemotherapy"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1946368","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1946368","article-title":"Chronic opioid use modulates human enteric microbiota and intestinal barrier integrity","volume":"13","author":"Cruz-Lebr\u00f3n","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1877","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00018.2018","article-title":"The microbiota-gut-brain Axis","volume":"99","author":"Cryan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref36","first-page":"2267","article-title":"Mechanism of action of tricyclic drugs on Escherichia coli and Yersinia enterocolitica plasmid maintenance and replication","volume":"12","author":"Csiszar","year":"1992","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-5185-8","article-title":"Psychotropics and the microbiome: a chamber of secrets\u2026","volume":"236","author":"Cussotto","year":"","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1159\/000510423","article-title":"Psychotropic drugs and the microbiome","volume":"32","author":"Cussotto","year":"","journal-title":"Mod Trends Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1671","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5006-5","article-title":"Differential effects of psychotropic drugs on microbiome composition and gastrointestinal function","volume":"236","author":"Cussotto","year":"","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103307","article-title":"The gut microbiome influences the bioavailability of olanzapine in rats","volume":"66","author":"Cussotto","year":"","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1139\/cjm-2020-0546","article-title":"Repurposing of escitalopram oxalate and clonazepam in combination with ciprofloxacin and sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim for treatment of multidrug-resistant microorganisms and evaluation of the cleavage capacity of plasmid DNA","volume":"67","author":"da Rosa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Can. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-019-0157-3","article-title":"The role of short-chain fatty acids in microbiota-gut-brain communication","volume":"16","author":"Dalile","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"174","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijantimicag.2009.09.027","article-title":"Thioridazine protects the mouse from a virulent infection by salmonella enterica serovar typhimurium 74","volume":"35","author":"Dasgupta","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1179\/joc.1995.7.3.201","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo antimicrobial action of fluphenazine","volume":"7","author":"Dastidar","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Chemother."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e309","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2013.83","article-title":"Antipsychotics and the gut microbiome: olanzapine-induced metabolic dysfunction is attenuated by antibiotic administration in the rat","volume":"3","author":"Davey","year":"2013","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-011-2555-2","article-title":"Gender-dependent consequences of chronic olanzapine in the rat: effects on body weight, inflammatory, metabolic and microbiota parameters","volume":"221","author":"Davey","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916","DOI":"10.1177\/2470547017710916","article-title":"Neurobiology of chronic stress-related psychiatric disorders: evidence from molecular imaging studies","volume":"1","author":"Davis","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chronic Stress (Thousand Oaks)"},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2231","DOI":"10.2147\/NDT.S113099","article-title":"Antipsychotic-associated weight gain: management strategies and impact on treatment adherence","volume":"13","author":"Dayabandara","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neuropsychiatr. Dis. Treat."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"177","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0082","article-title":"Synergistic effects of ketamine and azole derivatives on Candida spp. resistance to fluconazole","volume":"15","author":"de Andrade Neto","year":"2020","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2011.156","article-title":"Metabolic and cardiovascular adverse effects associated with antipsychotic drugs","volume":"8","author":"De Hert","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1020","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2021-326789","article-title":"Gut microbiome and health: mechanistic insights","volume":"71","author":"de Vos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.3389\/fsoc.2022.833987","article-title":"The vulnerability-stress-model\u2014holding up the construct of the faulty individual in the light of challenges to the medical model of mental distress","volume":"7","author":"Demke","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Sociol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1096","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-019-0495-2","article-title":"Supplementation with Akkermansia muciniphila in overweight and obese human volunteers: a proof-of-concept exploratory study","volume":"25","author":"Depommier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"PCC.13m01579","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.13m01579","article-title":"Effect of probiotic supplementation on schizophrenia symptoms and association with gastrointestinal functioning: a randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"16","author":"Dickerson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prim Care Companion CNS Disord"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"720","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2013.05.001","article-title":"Psychobiotics: a novel class of psychotropic","volume":"74","author":"Dinan","year":"2013","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2022.09.002","article-title":"The role of metformin as a treatment for neuropsychiatric illness","volume":"64","author":"Dodd","year":"2022","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1007\/s13238-018-0547-2","article-title":"Pharmacomicrobiomics: a novel route towards personalized medicine?","volume":"9","author":"Doestzada","year":"2018","journal-title":"Protein Cell"},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2813","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2020.08.184","article-title":"Antibacterial activity of fluoxetine-loaded starch nanocapsules","volume":"164","author":"Dos Santos","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"348","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.559","article-title":"Combinations of antibiotics and nonantibiotic drugs enhance antimicrobial efficacy","volume":"7","author":"Ejim","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0204317","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0204317","article-title":"Association of metformin administration with gut microbiome dysbiosis in healthy volunteers","volume":"13","author":"Elbere","year":"2018","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2","DOI":"10.30773\/pi.2019.08.09","article-title":"Neuroinflammation, gut-brain Axis and depression","volume":"17","author":"Evrensel","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Investig."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1038\/s41579-020-0433-9","article-title":"Gut microbiota in human metabolic health and disease","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"42","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nmni.2018.04.001","article-title":"Antibacterial effect of tramadol against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa: an in vivo study","volume":"24","author":"Farzam","year":"2018","journal-title":"New Microbes New Infect"},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1002\/phar.1890","article-title":"Interaction between atypical antipsychotics and the gut microbiome in a bipolar disease cohort","volume":"37","author":"Flowers","year":"2017","journal-title":"Pharmacotherapy"},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719890725","article-title":"Decoding microbiome research for clinical psychiatry","volume":"65","author":"Foster","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatr."},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3700","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00404-16","article-title":"Clomipramine and Benznidazole act synergistically and ameliorate the outcome of experimental Chagas disease","volume":"60","author":"Garc\u00eda","year":"2016","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"578666","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2020.578666","article-title":"Autism Spectrum disorder associated with gut microbiota at immune, Metabolomic, and neuroactive level","volume":"14","author":"Garcia-Gutierrez","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"19471","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76570-9","article-title":"Opioid agonist and antagonist use and the gut microbiota: associations among people in addiction treatment","volume":"10","author":"Gicquelais","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2019","DOI":"10.1007\/s10482-020-01474-7","article-title":"Human gut microbiota\/microbiome in health and diseases: a review","volume":"113","author":"Gomaa","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antonie Van Leeuwenhoek"},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105340","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2021.105340","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota in patients with epilepsy treated with valproate: results from a three months observational prospective cohort study","volume":"162","author":"Gong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"232","DOI":"10.1097\/WNF.0000000000000172","article-title":"Therapeutic index estimation of antiepileptic drugs: a systematic literature review approach","volume":"39","author":"Greenberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-022-02853-6","article-title":"The effects of antidepressants fluoxetine, sertraline, and amitriptyline on the development of antibiotic resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii","volume":"204","author":"Gurpinar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref75","first-page":"33","article-title":"Effect of thioridazine on experimental cutaneous staphylococcal infections","volume":"28","author":"Hahn","year":"2014","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"486","DOI":"10.5056\/jnm20079","article-title":"Effects of a Psychobiotic supplement on serum brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels in depressive patients: A post hoc analysis of a randomized clinical trial","volume":"26","author":"Heidarzadeh-Rad","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2021.1880240","article-title":"Akkermansia muciniphila and environmental enrichment reverse cognitive impairment associated with high-fat high-cholesterol consumption in rats","volume":"13","author":"Higarza","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.32352\/0367-3057.4.19.11","article-title":"Antibacterial properties of thioridazine","author":"Hrynchuk","year":"2019","journal-title":"Farmatsevtychnyi zhurnal"},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e93310","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0093310","article-title":"Metformin and berberine prevent olanzapine-induced weight gain in rats","volume":"9","author":"Hu","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105992","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105992","article-title":"Lithium carbonate alleviates colon inflammation through modulating gut microbiota and Treg cells in a GPR43-dependent manner","volume":"175","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"185","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01958-2","article-title":"The effects of probiotics plus dietary fiber on antipsychotic-induced weight gain: a randomized clinical trial","volume":"12","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105664","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nbd.2022.105664","article-title":"Exposure to anti-seizure medications impact growth of gut bacterial species and subsequent host response","volume":"167","author":"Ilhan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Dis."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02572-3","article-title":"The effects of probiotic and selenium co-supplementation on clinical and metabolic scales in chronic schizophrenia: a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"199","author":"Jamilian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2018.07.046","article-title":"Antidepressant fluoxetine induces multiple antibiotics resistance in Escherichia coli via ROS-mediated mutagenesis","volume":"120","author":"Jin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref85","unstructured":""},{"key":"ref86","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815798","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.815798","article-title":"Treatment with multi-species probiotics changes the functions, not the composition of gut microbiota in postmenopausal women with obesity: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study","volume":"12","author":"Kaczmarczyk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Cell Infect Microbiol"},{"key":"ref87","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.2174\/2211556004666150520230121","article-title":"Antimicrobial properties of various psychotropic drugs against broad range microorganisms","volume":"3","author":"Kalayc\u0131","year":"2014","journal-title":"Current Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref88","first-page":"2021.02.16.21251872","volume-title":"Probiotic supplements reduce antipsychotic-induced metabolic disturbances in drug-na\u00efve first-episode schizophrenia","author":"Kang","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref89","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-018-0116-8","article-title":"Prebiotic attenuation of olanzapine-induced weight gain in rats: analysis of central and peripheral biomarkers and gut microbiota","volume":"8","author":"Kao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref90","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"368","DOI":"10.1016\/j.micpath.2018.07.040","article-title":"New roles of fluoxetine in pharmacology: antibacterial effect and modulation of antibiotic activity","volume":"123","author":"Karine de Sousa","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microb. Pathog."},{"key":"ref91","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e517","DOI":"10.1212\/NXI.0000000000000517","article-title":"Disease-modifying therapies alter gut microbial composition in MS","volume":"6","author":"Katz Sand","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurol Neuroimmunol Neuroinflamm"},{"key":"ref92","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"596","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jff.2018.11.041","article-title":"Effect of prebiotic and probiotic supplementation on circulating pro-inflammatory cytokines and urinary cortisol levels in patients with major depressive disorder: A double-blind, placebo-controlled randomized clinical trial","volume":"52","author":"Kazemi","year":"","journal-title":"J. Funct. Foods"},{"key":"ref93","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.010","article-title":"Effect of probiotic and prebiotic vs placebo on psychological outcomes in patients with major depressive disorder: A randomized clinical trial","volume":"38","author":"Kazemi","year":"","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref94","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"21869","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-01248-9","article-title":"Faecal microbiota transplantation from patients with depression or healthy individuals into rats modulates mood-related behaviour","volume":"11","author":"Knudsen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref95","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2770","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aag2770","article-title":"Chemical transformation of xenobiotics by the human gut microbiota","volume":"356","author":"Koppel","year":"2017","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1101\/2020.12.26.20248886","volume-title":"Gut microbiota markers for antipsychotics induced metabolic disturbance in drug Na\u00efve patients with first episode schizophrenia \u2013 A 24 weeks follow-up study","author":"Li","year":"2021"},{"key":"ref97","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.051","article-title":"Prevotella and Klebsiella proportions in fecal microbial communities are potential characteristic parameters for patients with major depressive disorder","volume":"207","author":"Lin","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref98","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110076","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110076","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota and intestinal integrity markers of inpatients with major depressive disorder","volume":"106","author":"Li\u015bkiewicz","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref99","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"164","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8020164","article-title":"Fecal microbiota analysis in patients going through a depressive episode during treatment in a psychiatric hospital setting","volume":"8","author":"Li\u015bkiewicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref100","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"110111","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2020.110111","article-title":"Major depressive disorder and gut microbiota - association not causation. A scoping review","volume":"106","author":"\u0141oniewski","year":"2021","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref101","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s43705-022-00147-y","article-title":"Antidepressants promote the spread of extracellular antibiotic resistance genes via transformation","volume":"2","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"ISME COMMUN."},{"key":"ref102","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0466-x","article-title":"Antidepressants affect gut microbiota and Ruminococcus flavefaciens is able to abolish their effects on depressive-like behavior","volume":"9","author":"Luki\u0107","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref103","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-020-05677-8","article-title":"Coadministration of metformin prevents olanzapine-induced metabolic dysfunction and regulates the gut-liver axis in rats","volume":"238","author":"Luo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref104","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1600266","article-title":"The human intestinal microbiome in health and disease","volume":"375","author":"Lynch","year":"2016","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref105","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"136","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2020.02.005","article-title":"Alteration of the gut microbiome in first-episode drug-na\u00efve and chronic medicated schizophrenia correlate with regional brain volumes","volume":"123","author":"Ma","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref106","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nature25979","article-title":"Extensive impact of non-antibiotic drugs on human gut bacteria","volume":"555","author":"Maier","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref107","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"875","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080875","article-title":"Involvement of gut microbiota in schizophrenia and treatment resistance to antipsychotics","volume":"9","author":"Manchia","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biomedicine"},{"key":"ref108","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1590\/S1517-83822010000300014","article-title":"An investigation on in vitro and in vivo antimicrobial properties of the antidepressant: amitriptyline hydrochloride","volume":"41","author":"Mandal","year":"2010","journal-title":"Braz. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref109","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"630","DOI":"10.1097\/WCO.0000000000000496","article-title":"Microbiota and neurodegenerative diseases","volume":"30","author":"Marizzoni","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol."},{"key":"ref110","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"403","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-8579(01)00324-7","article-title":"Trifluoperazine: a broad spectrum bactericide especially active on staphylococci and vibrios","volume":"18","author":"Mazumder","year":"2001","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref111","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"755","DOI":"10.1017\/S0007114510004319","article-title":"Assessment of psychotropic-like properties of a probiotic formulation (lactobacillus helveticus R0052 and Bifidobacterium longum R0175) in rats and human subjects","volume":"105","author":"Messaoudi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Br. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref112","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"262","DOI":"10.1038\/nature15766","article-title":"Disentangling type 2 diabetes and metformin treatment signatures in the human gut microbiota","volume":"528","author":"Forslund","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref113","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"952","DOI":"10.3390\/ph14100952","article-title":"Effect of Psychobiotics on psychometric tests and inflammatory markers in major depressive disorder: meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials with meta-regression","volume":"14","author":"Misera","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmaceuticals"},{"key":"ref114","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1097\/FBP.0000000000000478","article-title":"Stress and the gut microbiota-brain axis","volume":"30","author":"Molina-Torres","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref115","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e115225","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115225","article-title":"The antipsychotic olanzapine interacts with the gut microbiome to cause weight gain in mouse","volume":"9","author":"Morgan","year":"2014","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref116","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"415","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2020.595415","article-title":"Short-course treatment with imipramine entrapped in squalene liposomes results in sterile cure of experimental visceral Leishmaniasis induced by antimony resistant Leishmania donovani with increased efficacy","volume":"10","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref117","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1005","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.5.1005","article-title":"In-vitro activity of psychiatric drugs against Corynebacterium urealyticum (Corynebacterium group D2)","volume":"37","author":"Mu\u00f1oz-Bellido","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref118","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"975912","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2022.975912","article-title":"Gastrointestinal adverse events of metformin treatment in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review, meta-analysis and meta-regression of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Nabrdalik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front Endocrinol (Lausanne)"},{"key":"ref119","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"245","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.10.003","article-title":"Gut microbiome in schizophrenia: altered functional pathways related to immune modulation and atherosclerotic risk","volume":"91","author":"Nguyen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref120","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"647","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm10040647","article-title":"Updated review and meta-analysis of probiotics for the treatment of clinical depression: adjunctive vs stand-alone treatment","volume":"10","author":"Nikolova","year":"2021","journal-title":"J Clin Med"},{"key":"ref121","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/s0924-8579(02)00110-3","article-title":"Intracellular activity of clinical concentrations of phenothiazines including thioridiazine against phagocytosed Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"20","author":"Ordway","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents"},{"key":"ref122","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.47.3.917-922.2003","article-title":"Clinical concentrations of Thioridazine kill intracellular multidrug-resistant mycobacterium tuberculosis","volume":"47","author":"Ordway","year":"2003","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref123","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"308","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2007.12.005","article-title":"Does minocycline have antidepressant effect?","volume":"62","author":"Pae","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref124","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1605","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm8101605","article-title":"Analysis of gut microbiota and their metabolic potential in patients with schizophrenia treated with olanzapine: results from a six-week observational prospective cohort study","volume":"8","author":"Pe\u0142ka-Wysiecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref125","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4236","article-title":"A purified membrane protein from Akkermansia muciniphila or the pasteurized bacterium improves metabolism in obese and diabetic mice","volume":"23","author":"Plovier","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref126","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9300","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-66251-y","article-title":"An anticonvulsive drug, valproic acid (valproate), has effects on the biosynthesis of fatty acids and polyketides in microorganisms","volume":"10","author":"Poolchanuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref127","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/37.1.196","article-title":"In-vitro and intracellular antimycobacterial activity of trifluoperazine","volume":"37","author":"Reddy","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref128","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"575","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092575","article-title":"Interleukin-6 gene expression changes after a 4-week intake of a multispecies probiotic in major depressive disorder-preliminary results of the PROVIT study","volume":"12","author":"Reiter","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref129","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"890","DOI":"10.1096\/fasebj.31.1_supplement.890.2","article-title":"The biomass and composition of the gut microbiota modify anaerobic metabolism","volume":"31","author":"Riedl","year":"2017","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref130","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"294","DOI":"10.1097\/MCO.0000000000000468","article-title":"Metformin: old friend, new ways of action-implication of the gut microbiome?","volume":"21","author":"Rodriguez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Clin. Nutr. Metab. Care"},{"key":"ref131","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1186\/1741-7015-11-121","article-title":"Depression, antidepressant medications, and risk of Clostridium difficile infection","volume":"11","author":"Rogers","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMC Med."},{"key":"ref132","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"810","DOI":"10.1177\/0004867416686694","article-title":"A double-blind, randomized, placebo-controlled trial of lactobacillus helveticus and Bifidobacterium longum for the symptoms of depression","volume":"51","author":"Romijn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Aust. N. Z. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref133","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"213","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2018.10.010","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus Plantarum 299v decreases kynurenine concentration and improves cognitive functions in patients with major depression: A double-blind, randomized, placebo controlled study","volume":"100","author":"Rudzki","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref134","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00181","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00181-20","article-title":"Thioridazine is an efflux pump inhibitor in Mycobacterium avium complex but of limited clinical relevance","volume":"64","author":"Ruth","year":"2020","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref135","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.2174\/1871530317666171120151201","article-title":"Metabolic syndrome and cardiovascular risk in people treated with Long-acting injectable antipsychotics","volume":"18","author":"Sanchez-Martinez","year":"2018","journal-title":"Endocr. Metab. Immune Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref136","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-019-0556-9","article-title":"Minocycline alters behavior, microglia and the gut microbiome in a trait-anxiety-dependent manner","volume":"9","author":"Schmidtner","year":"2019","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref137","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2016.11.019","article-title":"Probiotic normalization of Candida albicans in schizophrenia: A randomized, placebo-controlled, longitudinal pilot study","volume":"62","author":"Severance","year":"2017","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref138","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"483","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2020.09.057","article-title":"The healthy microbiome\u2014what is the definition of a healthy gut microbiome?","volume":"160","author":"Shanahan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref139","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"748","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.12.6.748","article-title":"Methadone: antimicrobial activity and interaction with antibiotics","volume":"12","author":"Sheagren","year":"1977","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref140","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2019-0092","article-title":"Chlorpromazine-impregnated catheters as a potential strategy to control biofilm-associated urinary tract infections","volume":"14","author":"Sidrim","year":"2019","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref141","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"359","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.626359","article-title":"Metformin strongly affects gut microbiome composition in high-fat diet-induced type 2 diabetes mouse model of both sexes","volume":"12","author":"Silami\u0137ele","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref142","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"20451253221096524","DOI":"10.1177\/20451253221096525","article-title":"Gut microbiome in schizophrenia and antipsychotic-induced metabolic alterations: a scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Singh","year":"2022","journal-title":"Ther Adv Psychopharmacol"},{"key":"ref143","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3369","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113369","article-title":"Gut biofactory\u2014Neurocompetent metabolites within the gastrointestinal tract. A scoping review","volume":"12","author":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","year":"","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref144","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1491","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5102-6","article-title":"Second-generation antipsychotics and metabolism alterations: a systematic review of the role of the gut microbiome","volume":"236","author":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref145","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"491","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyaa026","article-title":"Current and novel approaches to mitigate Cardiometabolic adverse effects of second-generation antipsychotics","volume":"23","author":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","year":"","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref146","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm7120521","article-title":"Microbiome\u2014the missing link in the gut-brain Axis: focus on its role in gastrointestinal and mental health","volume":"7","author":"Skonieczna-\u017bydecka","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref147","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"273","DOI":"10.1038\/nrmicro.2016.17","article-title":"The microbial pharmacists within us: a metagenomic view of xenobiotic metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Spanogiannopoulos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref148","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"114023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2022.114023","article-title":"Outer membrane protein Amuc_1100 of Akkermansia muciniphila alleviates antibiotic-induced anxiety and depression-like behavior in mice","volume":"258","author":"Sun","year":"2022","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref149","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.yhbeh.2018.02.001","article-title":"A gut feeling: microbiome-brain-immune interactions modulate social and affective behaviors","volume":"99","author":"Sylvia","year":"2018","journal-title":"Horm. Behav."},{"key":"ref150","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"524","DOI":"10.1213\/01.ane.0000267525.51017.b8","article-title":"The antibacterial activity of tramadol against bacteria associated with infectious complications after local or regional anesthesia","volume":"105","author":"Tamanai-Shacoori","year":"2007","journal-title":"Anesth. Analg."},{"key":"ref151","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11102","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-10734-y","article-title":"Gut microbiota composition is associated with polypharmacy in elderly hospitalized patients","volume":"7","author":"Ticinesi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref152","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4137\/BMI.S22007","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of probiotic supplementation in schizophrenia patients: A randomized, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"10","author":"Tomasik","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomark. Insights"},{"key":"ref153","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"006","DOI":"10.1093\/femspd\/fty006","article-title":"Ketamine intervention limits pathogen expansion in vitro","volume":"76","author":"Torres","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pathog Dis"},{"key":"ref154","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"18043","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-74752-z","article-title":"Anti-staphylococcal activity and mode of action of thioridazine photoproducts","volume":"10","author":"Tozar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref155","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"971","DOI":"10.1007\/s40262-021-01032-y","article-title":"Contribution of the gut microbiome to drug disposition, pharmacokinetic and Pharmacodynamic variability","volume":"60","author":"Tsunoda","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Pharmacokinet."},{"key":"ref156","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"421","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCGEN.119.002314","article-title":"Gut microbiome and response to cardiovascular drugs","volume":"12","author":"Tuteja","year":"2019","journal-title":"Circ Genom Precis Med"},{"key":"ref157","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"545","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0809-5044","article-title":"Study of DNA-binding activity and antibacterial effect of escitalopram oxalate, an extensively prescribed antidepressant","volume":"69","author":"Valipour","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drug Res (Stuttg)"},{"key":"ref158","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-019-14177-z","article-title":"Impact of commonly used drugs on the composition and metabolic function of the gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Vich Vila","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref159","first-page":"733","article-title":"The in vitro activity of phenothiazines against Mycobacterium avium: potential of thioridazine for therapy of the co-infected AIDS patient","volume":"19","author":"Viveiros","year":"2005","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref160","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1093\/jac\/44.6.823","article-title":"Photobactericidal activity of methylene blue derivatives against vancomycin-resistant enterococcus spp","volume":"44","author":"Wainwright","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Antimicrob. Chemother."},{"key":"ref161","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"541","DOI":"10.1128\/aac.40.3.541","article-title":"Susceptibility of melanized and nonmelanized Cryptococcus neoformans to the melanin-binding compounds trifluoperazine and chloroquine","volume":"40","author":"Wang","year":"1996","journal-title":"ANTIMICROB.AGENTS CHEMOTHER."},{"key":"ref162","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"321","DOI":"10.5582\/bst.2021.01317","article-title":"Metformin acts on the gut-brain axis to ameliorate antipsychotic-induced metabolic dysfunction","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biosci. Trends"},{"key":"ref163","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3596","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-21915-8","article-title":"Morphine induces changes in the gut microbiome and metabolome in a morphine dependence model","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref164","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1510","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2019-320204","article-title":"Interaction between drugs and the gut microbiome","volume":"69","author":"Weersma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref165","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"391","DOI":"10.1016\/0742-8413(92)90131-p","article-title":"Binding of tricyclic antidepressant drugs to trophozoites of Giardia lamblia","volume":"102","author":"Weinbach","year":"1992","journal-title":"Comp Biochem Physiol C Comp Pharmacol Toxicol"},{"key":"ref166","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2449","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-021-05866-z","article-title":"Effect of Bifidobacterium on olanzapine-induced body weight and appetite changes in patients with psychosis","volume":"238","author":"Yang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref167","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01531-3","article-title":"Gut microbial biomarkers for the treatment response in first-episode, drug-na\u00efve schizophrenia: a 24-week follow-up study","volume":"11","author":"Yuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref168","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.05.017","article-title":"Changes in metabolism and microbiota after 24-week risperidone treatment in drug na\u00efve, normal weight patients with first episode schizophrenia","volume":"201","author":"Yuan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref169","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-021-01254-5","article-title":"Antidepressants fluoxetine and amitriptyline induce alterations in intestinal microbiota and gut microbiome function in rats exposed to chronic unpredictable mild stress","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref170","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5790","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-42286-8","article-title":"Neuroinflammation induced by lipopolysaccharide causes cognitive impairment in mice","volume":"9","author":"Zhao","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref171","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"977","DOI":"10.1126\/science.6505677","article-title":"Antidepressants cause lethal disruption of membrane function in the human protozoan parasite Leishmania","volume":"226","author":"Zilberstein","year":"1984","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref172","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psyneuen.2016.11.036","article-title":"Cortisol stress reactivity across psychiatric disorders: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"77","author":"Zorn","year":"2017","journal-title":"Psychoneuroendocrinology"},{"key":"ref173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3","DOI":"10.1037\/10316-001","article-title":"Diathesis-stress models","volume-title":"Vulnerability to psychopathology: A biosocial model","author":"Zuckerman","year":"1999"}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125022\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]],"date-time":"2023-03-01T07:07:31Z","timestamp":1677654451000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125022\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"references-count":169,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125022"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1125022","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,1]]},"article-number":"1125022"}}