{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,14]],"date-time":"2026-10-14T23:25:00Z","timestamp":1792020300741,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001809","name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001809","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012900","name":"Qingdao Agricultural University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012900","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002338","name":"Ministry of Education of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002338","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> is a ubiquitous foodborne pathogen and mainly transmitted to human farm-to-fork chain through contaminated foods of animal origin.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we investigated the serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> from China.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>A total of 617 <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates were collected from 4 major food animal species across 23 provi nces in China from 2015-2021. Highest <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> prevalence were observed in Guangdong (44.4%) and Sandong (23.7%). Chickens (43.0%) was shown to be the major source of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> contamination, followed by pigs (34.5%) and ducks (18.5%). The number of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> increased significantly from 5.51% to 27.23% during 2015\u20132020. <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Derby (17.3%), <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis (13.1%) and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium (11.4%) were the most common serotypes among 41 serotypes identifiedin this study. Antibiotic susceptibility testing showing that the majority of the <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> isolates were resistant to neomycin (99.7%), tetracycline (98.1%), ampicillin (97.4%), sulfadiazine\/trimethoprim (97.1%), nalidixic acid (89.1%), doxycycline (83.1%), ceftria xone (70.3%), spectinomycin (67.7%), florfenicol (60.0%), cefotaxime (52.0%) and lomefloxacin (59.8%). The rates of resistance to multiple antibiotics in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Derby and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>.Typhimurium were higher than that in <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis. However, the rate of resistance to fosfomycin were observed from higher to lower by <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Derby, <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Enteritidis, and <jats:italic>S<\/jats:italic>. Typhimurium. Biofilm formation ability analysis found that 88.49%of the Salmonella were able to produce biofilms, of which 236 Salmonella isolates were strong biofilm producer. Among the 26 types of antibiotics resistance genes (ARGs) were identified in this study, 4 ARGs (tetB,sul2,aadA2, and aph(3\u2019)-IIa) were highly prevalent. In addition, 5 \u03b2-lactam resistance genes (<jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>TEM<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>SHV<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CMY-2<\/jats:sub>, <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>CTX-M<\/jats:sub>, and <jats:italic>bla<\/jats:italic><jats:sub>OXA<\/jats:sub>) and 7 quinolone resistance genes (<jats:italic>oqxA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>oqxB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrD<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>qnrS<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>qeqA<\/jats:italic>) were detected among these isolates. 12 out of 17 virulence genes selected in this study were commonly presented in the chromosomes of tested isolate, with a detection rate of over 80%, including <jats:italic>misL<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>spiA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>stn<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>pagC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>iroN<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>fim<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>msgA<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sopB<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>prgH<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>sitC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>ttrC<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>spaN<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study provided a systematical updating on surveillance on prevalence of <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> from food animals in China, shedding the light on continued vigilance for <jats:italic>Salmonella<\/jats:italic> in food animals.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1133241","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1680585947000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":27,"title":["Comprehensive profiling of serotypes, antimicrobial resistance and virulence of Salmonella isolates from food animals in China, 2015\u20132021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lili","family":"Guo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tianan","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Liqin","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoxiao","family":"Duan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenhua","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kaidi","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Wenjie","family":"Jin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao","family":"Ren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jian","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yahong","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoping","family":"Liao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongda","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"109672","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2022.109672","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance and genomic relationships of Salmonella enterica from Australian cattle","volume":"371","author":"Abraham","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. 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