{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T08:03:32Z","timestamp":1792656212162,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678060800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Surveillance of the fleas and flea-borne pathogens infecting cats is important for both human and animal health. Multiple zoonotic <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> species are known to infect the most common flea infesting cats and dogs worldwide: <jats:italic>Ctenocephalides felis<\/jats:italic>, the cat flea. The ability of other flea species to transmit pathogens is relatively unexplored. We aimed to determine cat host and flea factors independently associated with flea <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> infection. We also assessed flea and cat infection by flea-host pair and location. To accomplish these aims, we performed qPCR for the detection of <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>, hemotropic <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> DNA using paired cat and flea samples obtained from free-roaming cats presenting for spay or neuter across four locations in the United States. A logistic regression model was employed to identify the effect of cat (sex, body weight, geographic location, and <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic>, hemotropic <jats:italic>Mycoplasma<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> spp., infection) and flea (clade and <jats:italic>Rickettsia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection) factors on <jats:italic>C<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>felis Bartonella clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> infection. From 189 free roaming cats, we collected 84 fleas: <jats:italic>Ctenocephalides felis<\/jats:italic> (78\/84), <jats:italic>Cediopsylla simplex<\/jats:italic> (4\/84), <jats:italic>Orchopeas howardi<\/jats:italic> (1\/84), and <jats:italic>Nosopsyllus fasciatus<\/jats:italic> (1\/84). <jats:italic>Ctenocephalides felis<\/jats:italic> were phylogenetically assigned to Clades 1, 4, and 6 by <jats:italic>cox1<\/jats:italic> gene amplification. <jats:italic>Rickettsia asembonensis<\/jats:italic> (52\/84) and <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> (16\/84) were the most common pathogenic bacteria detected in fleas. Our model identified host cat sex and weight as independently associated with <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>clarridgeiae<\/jats:italic> infection in fleas. <jats:italic>Rickettsia asembonensis<\/jats:italic> (52\/84), <jats:italic>Rickettsia felis<\/jats:italic> (7\/84) and <jats:italic>Bartonella henselae<\/jats:italic> (7\/84) were detected in specific clades: <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>felis<\/jats:italic> was detected only in Clades 1 and 6 while <jats:italic>B<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>henselae<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>R<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>asembonensis<\/jats:italic> were detected only in Clade 4. <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> spp., also displayed clade specificity with strains other than <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> wCfeT only infecting fleas from Clade 6. There was poor flea and host agreement for <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> spp., infection; however, there was agreement in the <jats:italic>Bartonella<\/jats:italic> species detected in cats and fleas by geographic location. These findings reinforce the importance of considering reservoir host attributes and vector phylogenetic diversity in epidemiological studies of flea-borne pathogens. Widespread sampling is necessary to identify the factors driving flea-borne pathogen presence and transmission.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1137059","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]],"date-time":"2023-03-06T06:37:42Z","timestamp":1678084662000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["The association of host and vector characteristics with Ctenocephalides felis pathogen and endosymbiont infection"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Charlotte","family":"Moore","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edward B.","family":"Breitschwerdt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lisa","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yiyao","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kelli","family":"Ferris","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricardo","family":"Maggi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erin","family":"Lashnits","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s13071-019-3326-x","article-title":"Pathogens in fleas collected from cats and dogs: distribution and prevalence in the United Kingdom","volume":"12","author":"Abdullah","year":"2019","journal-title":"Parasit. 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