{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,17]],"date-time":"2026-10-17T08:00:27Z","timestamp":1792224027870,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":94,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1678838400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100012933","name":"Department of Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100012933","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100005825","name":"National Institute of Food and Agriculture","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1026692"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1026692"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100005825","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> transinfections established in key mosquito vectors, including <jats:italic>Aedes aegypti<\/jats:italic> are typically associated with pathogen blocking\u2014reduced susceptibility to infection with key pathogens and reduced likelihood those pathogens are transmitted to new hosts. Host-symbiont-virus interactions are less well understood in mosquitoes like <jats:italic>Culex quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic>, which naturally harbor <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>, with pathogen blocking observed in some populations but not others, potentially due to innate differences in their <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> load. In nature, mosquito larvae are often subject to developmental stresses associated with larval competition, which can lead to reduced body size and differential susceptibility to arbovirus infection.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>In this study, we sought to understand whether competition stress and <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection in <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> combine to impact host fitness and susceptibility to infection with West Nile virus. We reared <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic>-infected and uninfected <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> larvae under three competition stress levels, increasing larval density without increasing the amount of food supplied. We then monitored larval development and survival, measured wing length and quantified <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> density in adults, and then challenged mosquitoes from each treatment group orally with West Nile virus.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We observed that high competition stress extended development time, decreased the likelihood of eclosion, decreased body size, and increased susceptibility to West Nile virus (WNV) infection. We also observed that <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection reduced WNV load under low competition stress, and significantly improved the rate of survival for larval reared under higher competition stress. Consequently, our data suggest that native <jats:italic>Wolbachia<\/jats:italic> infection in <jats:italic>Cx. quinquefasciatus<\/jats:italic> has differential consequences for host fitness and susceptibility to WNV infection depending on competition stress.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1138476","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]],"date-time":"2023-03-15T04:58:35Z","timestamp":1678856315000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Native Wolbachia infection and larval competition stress shape fitness and West Nile virus infection in Culex quinquefasciatus mosquitoes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Abdullah A.","family":"Alomar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Daniel W.","family":"P\u00e9rez-Ramos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dongmin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Natalie L.","family":"Kendziorski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Bradley H.","family":"Eastmond","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barry W.","family":"Alto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric P.","family":"Caragata","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,3,15]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"732","DOI":"10.1603\/0022-2585-37.5.732","article-title":"Effects of density and larval competition on selected life history traits of Culex pipiens quinquefasciatus (Diptera: Culicidae)","volume":"37","author":"Agnew","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. 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