{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,22]],"date-time":"2026-10-22T07:39:42Z","timestamp":1792654782684,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680566400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001411","name":"Indian Council of Medical Research","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001411","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The long term <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture of <jats:italic>Plasmodium falciparum<\/jats:italic> was successfully established by Trager and Jensen in 1976; however it largely remains unachieved for <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic>. The major obstacle associated with <jats:italic>Plasmodium vivax in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture is its predilection for invading younger reticulocytes and the complex remodelling of invaded reticulocytes. There are many factors under exploration for this predilection and host\u2013parasite interactions between merozoites and invaded reticulocytes. These include various factors related to parasite, host and environment such as compromised reticulocyte osmotic stability after invasion, abundance of iron in the reticulocytes which makes them favourable for <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> growth and propagation and role of a hypoxic environment in <jats:italic>P. vivax in vitro<\/jats:italic> growth. <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> blood stage transfection represents another major hurdle towards understanding this parasite\u2019s complex biology. Efforts in making this parasite amenable for molecular investigation by genetic modification are limited. Newer approaches in sustaining a longer <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> culture and thereby help advancing transfection technologies in <jats:italic>P. vivax<\/jats:italic> are urgently needed that can be explored to understand the unique biology of this parasite.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1144453","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]],"date-time":"2023-04-04T05:09:51Z","timestamp":1680584991000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Culture and transfection: Two major bottlenecks in understanding Plasmodium vivax biology"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Sanju","family":"Kumari","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Abhinav","family":"Sinha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(90)90295-P","article-title":"The Duffy receptor family of Plasmodium knowlesi is located within the micronemes of invasive malaria merozoites","volume":"63","author":"Adams","year":"1990","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"ref2","first-page":"285","article-title":"Caveola--vesicle complexes in the plasmalemma of erythrocytes infected by Plasmodium vivax and P cynomolgi. 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