{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,23]],"date-time":"2026-01-23T10:21:21Z","timestamp":1769163681033,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1683676800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100008065","name":"Georgia Research Alliance","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100008065","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI114685"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI114685"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["1R21AI127594"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1R21AI127594"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R01AI124046"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01AI124046"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100000060","name":"National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["R21AI126296"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AI126296"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100000060","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100008982","name":"National Science Foundation","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CHE-1262734"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CHE-1262734"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100008982","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Acanthamoeba<\/jats:italic> species, <jats:italic>Naegleria fowleri<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Balamuthia mandrillaris<\/jats:italic> are opportunistic pathogens that cause a range of brain, skin, eye, and disseminated diseases in humans and animals. These pathogenic free-living amoebae (pFLA) are commonly misdiagnosed and have sub-optimal treatment regimens which contribute to the extremely high mortality rates (&amp;gt;90%) when they infect the central nervous system. To address the unmet medical need for effective therapeutics, we screened kinase inhibitor chemotypes against three pFLA using phenotypic drug assays involving CellTiter-Glo 2.0. Herein, we report the activity of the compounds against the trophozoite stage of each of the three amoebae, ranging from nanomolar to low micromolar potency. The most potent compounds that were identified from this screening effort were: <jats:bold>2d<\/jats:bold> (<jats:italic>A. castellanii<\/jats:italic> EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.92\u2009\u00b1\u20090.3\u2009\u03bcM; and <jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>: 0.43\u2009\u00b1\u20090.13\u2009\u03bcM), <jats:bold>1c<\/jats:bold> and <jats:bold>2b<\/jats:bold> (<jats:italic>N. fowleri<\/jats:italic> EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s: &amp;lt;0.63\u2009\u03bcM, and 0.3\u2009\u00b1\u20090.21\u2009\u03bcM), and <jats:bold>4b<\/jats:bold> and <jats:bold>7b<\/jats:bold> (<jats:italic>B. mandrillaris<\/jats:italic> EC<jats:sub>50<\/jats:sub>s: 1.0\u2009\u00b1\u20090.12\u2009\u03bcM, and 1.4\u2009\u00b1\u20090.17\u2009\u03bcM, respectively). With several of these pharmacophores already possessing blood\u2013brain barrier (BBB) permeability properties, or are predicted to penetrate the BBB, these hits present novel starting points for optimization as future treatments for pFLA-caused diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1149145","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,10]],"date-time":"2023-05-10T15:27:01Z","timestamp":1683732421000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Identification of novel anti-amoebic pharmacophores from kinase inhibitor chemotypes"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Lori","family":"Ferrins","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Melissa J.","family":"Buskes","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Madison 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