{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,24]],"date-time":"2026-09-24T21:10:57Z","timestamp":1790284257983,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":42,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686268800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Toxigenic <jats:italic>Vibrio cholerae<\/jats:italic> serogroup O1 and O139 are the pathogens responsible for the global cholera epidemic. <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> can settle in the water and spread <jats:italic>via<\/jats:italic> the fecal-oral route. Rapid and accurate monitoring of live <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> in environmental water has become an important strategy to prevent and control cholera transmission. Conventional plate counting is widely used to detect viable bacteria but requires time and effort.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>This study aims to develop a new assay that combines triplex droplet digital PCR (ddPCR) with propidium monoazide (PMA) treatment for quantitatively detecting live <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1\/O139 and cholera enterotoxin. Specific primers and probes were designed according to the conserved regions of gene <jats:italic>rfb<\/jats:italic> O1, <jats:italic>rfb<\/jats:italic> O139, and <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>A. The amplification procedures and PMA treatment conditions were optimized. The specificity, sensitivity, and ability of PMA-ddPCR to detect viable bacteria-derived DNA were evaluated in simulated seawater samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results revealed that the optimal primer concentrations of <jats:italic>rfb<\/jats:italic> O1, <jats:italic>rfb<\/jats:italic> O139, and <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>A were 1\u2009\u03bcM, while the concentrations of the three probes were 0.25, 0.25, and 0.4\u2009\u03bcM, respectively. The best annealing temperature was 58\u00b0C to obtain the most accurate results. The optimal strategy for distinguishing dead and live bacteria from PMA treatment was incubation at the concentration of 20\u2009\u03bcM for 15\u2009min, followed by exposure to a 650-W halogen lamp for 20\u2009min. In pure culture solutions, the limit of detection (LODs) of <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 and O139, and <jats:italic>ctx<\/jats:italic>A were 127.91, 120.23\u2009CFU\/mL, and 1.5 copies\/reaction in PMA-triplex ddPCR, respectively, while the LODs of the three targets were 150.66, 147.57\u2009CFU\/mL, and 2 copies\/reaction in seawater samples. The PMA-ddPCR sensitivity was about 10 times higher than that of PMA-qPCR. When detecting spiked seawater samples with live bacterial concentrations of 1.53\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>2<\/jats:sup> and 1.53\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>5<\/jats:sup>\u2009CFU\/mL, the assay presented a higher sensitivity (100%, 16\/16) than qPCR (50.00%, 8\/16) and a perfect specificity (100%, 9\/9). These results indicate that the developed PMA-triplex ddPCR is superior to the qPCR regarding sensitivity and specificity and can be used to rapidly detect viable toxigenic <jats:italic>V. cholerae<\/jats:italic> O1 and O139 in suspicious seawater samples.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1149981","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]],"date-time":"2023-06-09T04:51:56Z","timestamp":1686286316000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Absolute quantification of viable Vibrio cholerae in seawater samples using multiplex droplet digital PCR combined with propidium monoazide"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jinsong","family":"Yang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haibin","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Zili","family":"Ke","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Naipeng","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enhui","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yufeng","family":"Qiu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mengying","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3918","DOI":"10.1128\/JCM.00616-10","article-title":"Diagnostic limitations to accurate diagnosis of cholera","volume":"48","author":"Alam","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. 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