{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T01:25:31Z","timestamp":1791854731397,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681344000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p><jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic> is a diverse genus of unicellular microsporidian parasites of insects and other arthropods. <jats:italic>Nosema muscidifuracis<\/jats:italic> infects parasitoid wasp species of <jats:italic>Muscidifurax zaraptor<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. raptor<\/jats:italic> (Hymenoptera: Pteromalidae), causing ~50% reduction in longevity and\u2009~90% reduction in fecundity.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods and Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Here, we report the first assembly of the <jats:italic>N. muscidifuracis<\/jats:italic> genome (14,397,169\u2009bp in 28 contigs) of high continuity (contig N50 544.3 Kb) and completeness (BUSCO score 97.0%). A total of 2,782 protein-coding genes were annotated, with 66.2% of the genes having two copies and 24.0% of genes having three copies. These duplicated genes are highly similar, with a sequence identity of 99.3%. The complex pattern suggests extensive gene duplications and rearrangements across the genome. We annotated 57 rDNA loci, which are highly GC-rich (37%) in a GC-poor genome (25% genome average). <jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic>-specific qPCR primer sets were designed based on 18S rDNA annotation as a diagnostic tool to determine its titer in host samples. We discovered high <jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic> titers in <jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic>-cured <jats:italic>M. raptor<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. zaraptor<\/jats:italic> using heat treatment in 2017 and 2019, suggesting that the remedy did not completely eliminate the <jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic> infection. Cytogenetic analyses revealed heavy infections of <jats:italic>N. muscidifuracis<\/jats:italic> within the ovaries of <jats:italic>M. raptor<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>M. zaraptor<\/jats:italic>, consistent with the titer determined by qPCR and suggesting a heritable component of infection and per ovum vertical transmission.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>The parasitoids-<jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic> system is laboratory tractable and, therefore, can serve as a model to inform future genome manipulations of <jats:italic>Nosema<\/jats:italic>-host system for investigations of Nosemosis.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1152586","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]],"date-time":"2023-04-13T04:26:57Z","timestamp":1681360017000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["New insights into the genome and transmission of the microsporidian pathogen Nosema muscidifuracis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Xiao","family":"Xiong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christopher J.","family":"Geden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dan T.","family":"Bergstralh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roxie L.","family":"White","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John H.","family":"Werren","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1188","DOI":"10.1177\/003591576806111P202","article-title":"The evolution of viviparity","volume":"61","author":"Amoroso","year":"1968","journal-title":"Proc. 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