{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,9]],"date-time":"2026-09-09T17:02:53Z","timestamp":1788973373839,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":83,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]],"date-time":"2023-04-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1681430400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100005046","name":"Natural Science Foundation of Heilongjiang Province","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["LH2019H106"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["LH2019H106"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100005046","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Aim<\/jats:title><jats:p>Antibiotic-associated diarrhea (AAD) is a common side effect during antibiotic treatment, which can cause dysbacteriosis of the gut microbiota. Previous studies have shown beneficial effects in AAD treatment with <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium lactis<\/jats:italic> XLTG11, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus casei<\/jats:italic> Zhang, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus plantarum<\/jats:italic> CCFM8661, and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus<\/jats:italic> Probio-M9. However, no studies have been conducted on the immunomodulatory effects and protective intestinal barrier function of four complex probiotics. The aim of our study is to investigate the alleviation effects of complex probiotics on ampicillin-induced AAD.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Thirty-six BALB\/c mice were randomly divided into six groups: normal control group (NC), model control group (MC), low-, medium-, and high-dose probiotics groups (LD, MD, and HD), and positive drug (Bifico, 1\u2009\u00d7\u200910<jats:sup>7<\/jats:sup> cfu) control group (PDC; Bifico, also known as Bifidobacterium Triple Live Capsule, is composed of <jats:italic>Bifidobacterium longum<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Lactobacillus acidophilus<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Enterococcus faecalis<\/jats:italic>). An AAD model was established by intragastric administration of ampicillin, by gavage of different doses of complex probiotics and Bifico. The weight gain, fecal water content, loose stool grade, intestinal permeability, total protein and albumin levels, intestinal barrier, cytokine levels, and gut microbiota were determined.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>The results showed that complex probiotics significantly decreased the fecal water content, loose stool grade, intestinal permeability, and ileum tissue damage. Their application increased the weight gain, SIgA, TP, and ALB levels. Additionally, complex probiotics significantly decreased the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines and increased those of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Meanwhile, the mRNA expression levels of ZO-1, occludin, claudin-1, and MUC2 were significantly upregulated in the probiotic-treated group. Furthermore, the complex probiotics increased the gut microbiota diversity and modulated the changes in the gut microbiota composition caused by ampicillin. At the phylum level, the abundance of <jats:italic>Proteobacteria<\/jats:italic> in the HD group was lower than that in the MC group, whereas that of <jats:italic>Bacteroidetes<\/jats:italic> was higher. At the genus level, the abundances of <jats:italic>Klebsiella<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Parabacteroides<\/jats:italic> in the HD group were lower, whereas those of <jats:italic>Bacteroides<\/jats:italic>, <jats:italic>Muribaculaceae<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Lactobacillus<\/jats:italic> were higher than those in the MC group. Moreover, Spearman\u2019s correlation analysis also found that several specific gut microbiota were significantly correlated with AAD-related indicators.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Conclusion<\/jats:title><jats:p>We found that complex probiotics improved the diarrhea-related indexes, regulated gut microbiota composition and diversity, increased the expression levels of intestinal protective barrier-related genes, preserved the intestinal barrier function, and relieved inflammation and intestinal injury, thereby effectively improving AAD-associated symptoms.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1156058","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T08:05:38Z","timestamp":1681718738000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":24,"title":["Complex probiotics alleviate ampicillin-induced antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Wenwen","family":"Li","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Siyu","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yanyan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hongsheng","family":"Bian","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shuang","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lili","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Weiwei","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"G1054","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpgi.00055.2011","article-title":"Occludin regulates macromolecule flux across the intestinal epithelial tight junction barrier","volume":"300","author":"Al-Sadi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Gastrointest. Liver Physiol."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"9478630","DOI":"10.1155\/2018\/9478630","article-title":"Probiotic species in the modulation of gut microbiota: an overview","volume":"2018","author":"Azad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00736","article-title":"Oral Administration of Probiotics Increases Paneth Cells and Intestinal Antimicrobial Activity","volume":"9","author":"Cazorla","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0171579","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171579","article-title":"Multiple strains probiotics appear to be the most effective probiotics in the prevention of necrotizing enterocolitis and mortality: an updated meta-analysis","volume":"12","author":"Chang","year":"2017","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-010-0166-z","article-title":"Health benefits of probiotics: are mixtures more effective than single strains?","volume":"50","author":"Chapman","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2082","DOI":"10.3390\/foods11142082","article-title":"Antidiarrheal effect of fermented millet bran on diarrhea induced by Senna leaf in mice","volume":"11","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"943","DOI":"10.2217\/fmb-2021-0240","article-title":"New compound probiotic beverage protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice by modulating the microbiota","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Future Microbiol."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1496","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.0c06329","article-title":"Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum ameliorates DSS-induced colitis by maintaining intestinal mechanical barrier, blocking Proinflammatory cytokines, inhibiting TLR4\/NF-\u03baB signaling, and altering gut microbiota","volume":"69","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4625","DOI":"10.1039\/d0fo00598c","article-title":"Beneficial effects of sulfated polysaccharides from the red seaweed Gelidium pacificum Okamura on mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0218384","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0218384","article-title":"Antibiotics induced intestinal tight junction barrier dysfunction is associated with microbiota dysbiosis, activated NLRP3 inflammasome and autophagy","volume":"14","author":"Feng","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"804","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-021-09834-z","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacilli administration induces changes in the fecal microbiota of Preweaned dairy calves","volume":"14","author":"Fern\u00e1ndez-Ciganda","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1777","DOI":"10.1083\/jcb.123.6.1777","article-title":"Occludin: a novel integral membrane protein localizing at tight junctions","volume":"123","author":"Furuse","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e043054","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2020-043054","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhoea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"11","author":"Goodman","year":"2021","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2173","DOI":"10.2147\/copd.S159335","article-title":"Altered community compositions of Proteobacteria in adults with bronchiectasis","volume":"13","author":"Guan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct. Pulmon. Dis."},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1959","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2012.3507","article-title":"Probiotics for the prevention and treatment of antibiotic-associated diarrhea: a systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"307","author":"Hempel","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2418","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa054765","article-title":"Klebsiella oxytoca as a causative organism of antibiotic-associated hemorrhagic colitis","volume":"355","author":"H\u00f6genauer","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1650","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms8111650","article-title":"Streptococcus thermophiles DMST-H2 promotes recovery in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"8","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0029(20000801)50:3<184::Aid-jemt2>3.0.Co;2-h","article-title":"TNF alpha and the TNF receptor superfamily: structure-function relationship(s)","volume":"50","author":"Idriss","year":"2000","journal-title":"Microsc. Res. Tech."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1615\/critrevimmunol.v32.i1.30","article-title":"Role of interleukin 10 transcriptional regulation in inflammation and autoimmune disease","volume":"32","author":"Iyer","year":"2012","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"862","DOI":"10.19803\/j.1672-8629.2022.08.10","article-title":"Effect of smilax glabra extract on intestinal barriers in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea: an experimental study","volume":"19","author":"Jiang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chin. J. Pharmacovig."},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"119254","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2021.119254","article-title":"Piezo1 regulates intestinal epithelial function by affecting the tight junction protein claudin-1 via the ROCK pathway","volume":"275","author":"Jiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1008","DOI":"10.1126\/science.aaz5807","article-title":"Structure of the secretory immunoglobulin a core","volume":"367","author":"Kumar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2021.08.047","article-title":"The tight junction protein ZO-1 is dispensable for barrier function but critical for effective mucosal repair","volume":"161","author":"Kuo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"11","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-017-9322-6","article-title":"Probiotics and the gut immune system: indirect regulation","volume":"10","author":"La Fata","year":"2018","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/mi.2013.103","article-title":"IL-10 modulates DSS-induced colitis through a macrophage-ROS-NO axis","volume":"7","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mucosal Immunol."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1038\/s41538-022-00167-x","article-title":"Regulation of viable\/inactivated\/lysed probiotic lactobacillus plantarum H6 on intestinal microbiota and metabolites in hypercholesterolemic mice","volume":"6","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"NPJ Sci Food"},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41430-020-00852-8","article-title":"Effect of lactobacillus casei on lipid metabolism and intestinal microflora in patients with alcoholic liver injury","volume":"75","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2018.05.072","article-title":"Echinacoside alleviated LPS-induced cell apoptosis and inflammation in rat intestine epithelial cells by inhibiting the mTOR\/STAT3 pathway","volume":"104","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e921745","DOI":"10.12659\/msm.921745","article-title":"Effects of Hetiao Jianpi decoction on intestinal injury and repair in rats with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"26","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Med. Sci. Monit."},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"625210","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2021.625210","article-title":"Gut microbiota and diarrhea: an updated review","volume":"11","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4319","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124319","article-title":"Which probiotic is the Most effective for treating acute diarrhea in children? A Bayesian network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"815","DOI":"10.1080\/22221751.2022.2045876","article-title":"Metformin attenuated sepsis-related liver injury by modulating gut microbiota","volume":"11","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0161635","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0161635","article-title":"Protective effects of Bifidobacterium on intestinal barrier function in LPS-induced enterocyte barrier injury of Caco-2 monolayers and in a rat NEC model","volume":"11","author":"Ling","year":"2016","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"582048","DOI":"10.1155\/2015\/582048","article-title":"Clostridium butyricum combined with Bifidobacterium infantis probiotic mixture restores fecal microbiota and attenuates systemic inflammation in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"2015","author":"Ling","year":"2015","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4013","DOI":"10.3168\/jds.2019-17602","article-title":"Characterization of potentially probiotic lactic acid bacteria and bifidobacteria isolated from human colostrum","volume":"103","author":"Liu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Dairy Sci."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2011.10.001","article-title":"Understanding the mechanism of IL-1\u03b2 secretion","volume":"22","author":"Lopez-Castejon","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1055197","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1055197","article-title":"Immunomodulatory effects of complex probiotics on the immuno-suppressed mice induced by cyclophosphamide","volume":"14","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref39","first-page":"170","article-title":"Alleviating effect of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11 on antibiotic-associated diarrhea induced by clindamycin","volume":"44","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Food Sci."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"733","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17050733","article-title":"Pathogenetic and therapeutic applications of tumor necrosis factor-\u03b1 (TNF-\u03b1) in major depressive disorder: a systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Ma","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1016\/j.copbio.2020.01.005","article-title":"Molecular mechanisms of probiotic prevention of antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"61","author":"Mekonnen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"787","DOI":"10.1111\/jam.14661","article-title":"Gut dysbacteriosis and intestinal disease: mechanism and treatment","volume":"129","author":"Meng","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Appl. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s12328-017-0813-5","article-title":"Gut microbiota in the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease","volume":"11","author":"Nishida","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"283.3","DOI":"10.3399\/bjgp08X279959","article-title":"Antibiotic-associated diarrhoea","volume":"58","author":"Overeem","year":"2008","journal-title":"Br. J. Gen. Pract."},{"key":"ref45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2087174","article-title":"Whole genome sequencing for the risk assessment of probiotic lactic acid bacteria","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref46","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"916824","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2022.916824","article-title":"Early life administration of Bifidobacterium bifidum BD-1 alleviates long-term colitis by remodeling the gut microbiota and promoting intestinal barrier development","volume":"13","author":"Peng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1038\/nri3608","article-title":"Intestinal epithelial cells: regulators of barrier function and immune homeostasis","volume":"14","author":"Peterson","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S49","DOI":"10.1093\/advances\/nmy063","article-title":"Mechanisms of action of probiotics","volume":"10","author":"Plaza-Diaz","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"622","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2012-304241","article-title":"Claudin-1 regulates intestinal epithelial homeostasis through the modulation of notch-signalling","volume":"63","author":"Pope","year":"2014","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1186\/2047-783x-15-s2-123","article-title":"Influence of interleukin-6 and G174C polymorphism in IL-6 gene on obesity and energy balance","volume":"15","author":"Popko","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.00191","article-title":"A potential role of salmonella infection in the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases","volume":"8","author":"Schultz","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1186\/s12866-020-01999-x","article-title":"Gut microbiota characteristics in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"20","author":"Shao","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Microbiol."},{"key":"ref53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tibtech.2015.06.011","article-title":"Proteobacteria: microbial signature of dysbiosis in gut microbiota","volume":"33","author":"Shin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Trends Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.gtc.2016.09.010","article-title":"Impact of antibiotics on necrotizing enterocolitis and antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"46","author":"Silverman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gastroenterol. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"756","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13030756","article-title":"The effectiveness and safety of multi-strain probiotic preparation in patients with diarrhea-predominant irritable bowel syndrome: a randomized controlled study","volume":"13","author":"Skrzyd\u0142o-Radoma\u0144ska","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref56","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2192","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2020.02192","article-title":"Probiotics in medicine: a long debate","volume":"11","author":"Stavropoulou","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2018.08.088","article-title":"Investigations of Bacteroides spp. towards next-generation probiotics","volume":"116","author":"Tan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food Res. Int."},{"key":"ref58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"a016295","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a016295","article-title":"IL-6 in inflammation, immunity, and disease","volume":"6","author":"Tanaka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol."},{"key":"ref59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"264","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-012-9462-1","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum CCFM8661 alleviates lead toxicity in mice","volume":"150","author":"Tian","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-017-2672-0","article-title":"Bifidobacteria and the infant gut: an example of co-evolution and natural selection","volume":"75","author":"Turroni","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijfoodmicro.2010.12.010","article-title":"Genomics and ecological overview of the genus Bifidobacterium","volume":"149","author":"Turroni","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1053\/j.gastro.2006.04.020","article-title":"Muc2-deficient mice spontaneously develop colitis, indicating that MUC2 is critical for colonic protection","volume":"131","author":"van der Sluis","year":"2006","journal-title":"Gastroenterology"},{"key":"ref63","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1953","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.01953","article-title":"Probiotic lactobacillus plantarum promotes intestinal barrier function by strengthening the epithelium and modulating gut microbiota","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref64","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2093","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms9102093","article-title":"Alleviation effects of Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11 on dextran sulfate sodium-induced colitis in mice","volume":"9","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"ref65","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.516.x","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei Zhang modulate cytokine and toll-like receptor expression and beneficially regulate poly I:C-induced immune responses in RAW264.7 macrophages","volume":"57","author":"Wang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref66","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"863","DOI":"10.4014\/jmb.1903.03054","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei Zhang prevents Jejunal epithelial damage to early-weaned piglets induced by Escherichia coli K88 via regulation of intestinal mucosal integrity, tight junction proteins and immune factor expression","volume":"29","author":"Wang","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref67","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6076","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26196076","article-title":"Probiotics regulate gut microbiota: an effective method to improve immunity","volume":"26","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Molecules"},{"key":"ref68","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1143","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13041143","article-title":"Inhibitory effects of breast Milk-derived lactobacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 on colitis-associated carcinogenesis by restoration of the gut microbiota in a mouse model","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref69","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6404","DOI":"10.1039\/d1fo04305f","article-title":"Bifidobacterium animalis subsp. lactis XLTG11 improves antibiotic-related diarrhea by alleviating inflammation, enhancing intestinal barrier function and regulating intestinal flora","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Food Funct."},{"key":"ref70","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1423","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24021423","article-title":"Poria cocos polysaccharide ameliorated antibiotic-associated diarrhea in mice via regulating the homeostasis of the gut microbiota and intestinal mucosal barrier","volume":"24","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"ref71","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"45176","DOI":"10.1038\/srep45176","article-title":"Probiotics may delay the progression of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease by restoring the gut microbiota structure and improving intestinal endotoxemia","volume":"7","author":"Xue","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref72","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"68","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2172-9-68","article-title":"Immunological evaluation of lactobacillus casei Zhang: a newly isolated strain from koumiss in Inner Mongolia, China","volume":"9","author":"Ya","year":"2008","journal-title":"BMC Immunol."},{"key":"ref73","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6521793","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/6521793","article-title":"Effects of Lacidophilin tablets, yogurt, and bifid triple viable capsules on the gut microbiota of mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"2022","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Can. J. Infect. Dis. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref74","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5888","DOI":"10.1016\/j.csbj.2021.10.026","article-title":"Lactobacillus casei Zhang exerts probiotic effects to antibiotic-treated rats","volume":"19","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Comput. Struct. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref75","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"103751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2021.103751","article-title":"MUC2 and related bacterial factors: therapeutic targets for ulcerative colitis","volume":"74","author":"Yao","year":"2021","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref76","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"736129","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2021.736129","article-title":"The protection of Lactiplantibacillus plantarum CCFM8661 against Benzopyrene-induced toxicity via regulation of the gut microbiota","volume":"12","author":"Yu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref77","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1234","DOI":"10.3390\/genes11101234","article-title":"Comparative genomics of the transport proteins of ten lactobacillus strains","volume":"11","author":"Zafar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Genes (Basel)"},{"key":"ref78","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"251","DOI":"10.21307\/pjm-2018-044","article-title":"Are probiotic really safe for humans?","volume":"67","author":"Zawistowska-Rojek","year":"2018","journal-title":"Pol. J. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref79","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0224730","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0224730","article-title":"Effects of Debaryomyces hansenii treatment on intestinal mucosa microecology in mice with antibiotic-associated diarrhea","volume":"14","author":"Zeng","year":"2019","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref80","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodres.2019.04.016","article-title":"Chinese yam (Dioscorea opposita Thunb.) alleviates antibiotic-associated diarrhea, modifies intestinal microbiota, and increases the level of short-chain fatty acids in mice","volume":"122","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Food. Res. Int."},{"key":"ref81","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15010005","article-title":"Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9-driven mouse mammary tumor-inhibitory effect is accompanied by modulation of host gut microbiota, immunity, and serum metabolome","volume":"15","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref82","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1040","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01040","article-title":"Bacteroides fragilis protects against antibiotic-associated diarrhea in rats by modulating intestinal defenses","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref83","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2384","DOI":"10.3390\/foods10102384","article-title":"Lactobacillus rhamnosus Probio-M9 improves the quality of life in stressed adults by gut microbiota","volume":"10","author":"Zheng","year":"2021","journal-title":"Foods"},{"key":"ref84","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7591840","DOI":"10.1155\/2019\/7591840","article-title":"Resveratrol attenuates oxidative stress-induced intestinal barrier injury through PI3K\/Akt-mediated Nrf2 signaling pathway","volume":"2019","author":"Zhuang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Oxidative Med. Cell. Longev."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1156058\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,17]],"date-time":"2023-04-17T08:05:44Z","timestamp":1681718744000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1156058\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"references-count":83,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1156058"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1156058","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,14]]},"article-number":"1156058"}}