{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,29]],"date-time":"2026-09-29T19:22:11Z","timestamp":1790709731084,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":31,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1680739200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002842","name":"Chiang Mai University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["128\u20132562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["128\u20132562"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002842","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>Amphotericin B (AmpB) deoxycholate is the available first-line drug used to treat visceral leishmaniasis caused by <jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>Mundinia<\/jats:italic>) <jats:italic>martiniquensis<\/jats:italic>, however, some cases of AmpB treatment failure have been reported in Thailand. Resistance to drugs is known to affect parasite fitness with a potential impact on parasite transmission but still little is known about the effect of resistance to drugs on <jats:italic>L. martiniquensis<\/jats:italic>. Here we aimed to gain insight into the fitness changes occurring after treatment failure or <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic>-induced resistance to AmpB. <jats:italic>L<\/jats:italic>. <jats:italic>martiniquensis<\/jats:italic> parasites isolated from a patient before (LSCM1) and after relapse (LSCM1-6) were compared for <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>in vivo<\/jats:italic> fitness changes together with an <jats:italic>in vitro<\/jats:italic> induced AmpB-resistant parasite generated from LSCM1 parasites (AmpBRP2i). Results revealed increased metacyclogenesis of the AmpBPR2i and LSCM1-6 strains (AmpB-resistant strains) compared to the LSCM1 strain and increased fitness with respect to growth and infectivity. The LSCM1-6 and AmpBRP2i strains were present in mice for longer periods compared to the LSCM1 strain, but no clinical signs of the disease were observed. These results suggest that the AmpB-resistant parasites could be more efficiently transmitted to humans and maintained in asymptomatic hosts longer than the susceptible strain. The asymptomatic hosts therefore may represent \u201creservoirs\u201d for the resistant parasites enhancing transmission. The results in this study advocate an urgent need to search and monitor for AmpB-resistant <jats:italic>L. martiniquensis<\/jats:italic> in patients with relapsing leishmaniasis and in asymptomatic patients, especially, in HIV\/<jats:italic>Leishmania<\/jats:italic> coinfected patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1156061","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]],"date-time":"2023-04-06T06:26:56Z","timestamp":1680762416000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Amphotericin B resistance correlates with increased fitness in vitro and in vivo in Leishmania (Mundinia) martiniquensis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chonlada","family":"Mano","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aphisek","family":"Kongkaew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pongsri","family":"Tippawangkosol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pradya","family":"Somboon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sittiruk","family":"Roytrakul","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pascale","family":"Pescher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gerald F.","family":"Sp\u00e4th","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Chairat","family":"Uthaipibull","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adisak","family":"Tantiworawit","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Padet","family":"Siriyasatien","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Narissara","family":"Jariyapan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3274","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.49.8.3274-3280.2005","article-title":"Production and characterization of stable amphotericin-resistant amastigotes and promastigotes of Leishmania mexicana","volume":"49","author":"Al-Mohammed","year":"2005","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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