{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,15]],"date-time":"2026-09-15T11:42:22Z","timestamp":1789472542008,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":123,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1684195200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004242","name":"Princess Nourah Bint Abdulrahman University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["PNURSP2023R83"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["PNURSP2023R83"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004242","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The study aims to describe phageome of soil rhizosphere of <jats:italic>M.oleifera<\/jats:italic> in terms of the genes encoding CAZymes and other KEGG enzymes.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>Genes of the rhizospheric virome of the wild plant species <jats:italic>Moringa oleifera<\/jats:italic> were investigated for their ability to encode useful CAZymes and other KEGG (Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes) enzymes and to resist antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) in the soil.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Abundance of these genes was higher in the rhizospheric microbiome than in the bulk soil. Detected viral families include the plant viral family Potyviridae as well as the tailed bacteriophages of class Caudoviricetes that are mainly associated with bacterial genera <jats:italic>Pseudomonas, Streptomyces<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>. Viral CAZymes in this soil mainly belong to glycoside hydrolase (GH) families GH43 and GH23. Some of these CAZymes participate in a KEGG pathway with actions included debranching and degradation of hemicellulose. Other actions include biosynthesizing biopolymer of the bacterial cell wall and the layered cell wall structure of peptidoglycan. Other CAZymes promote plant physiological activities such as cell-cell recognition, embryogenesis and programmed cell death (PCD). Enzymes of other pathways help reduce the level of soil H<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub>O<jats:sub>2<\/jats:sub> and participate in the biosynthesis of glycine, malate, isoprenoids, as well as isoprene that protects plant from heat stress. Other enzymes act in promoting both the permeability of bacterial peroxisome membrane and carbon fixation in plants. Some enzymes participate in a balanced supply of dNTPs, successful DNA replication and mismatch repair during bacterial cell division. They also catalyze the release of signal peptides from bacterial membrane prolipoproteins. Phages with the most highly abundant antibiotic resistance genes (ARGs) transduce species of bacterial genera <jats:italic>Pseudomonas, Streptomyces<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>Mycobacterium<\/jats:italic>. Abundant mechanisms of antibiotic resistance in the rhizosphere include \u201cantibiotic efflux pump\u201d for ARGs <jats:italic>soxR, OleC<\/jats:italic>, and <jats:italic>MuxB<\/jats:italic>, \u201cantibiotic target alteration\u201d for <jats:italic>parY mutant<\/jats:italic>, and \u201cantibiotic inactivation\u201d for <jats:italic>arr-1<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>These ARGs can act synergistically to inhibit several antibiotics including tetracycline, penam, cephalosporin, rifamycins, aminocoumarin, and oleandomycin. The study highlighted the issue of horizontal transfer of ARGs to clinical isolates and human gut microbiome.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1166148","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]],"date-time":"2023-05-16T05:38:35Z","timestamp":1684215515000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":16,"title":["Functional annotation of rhizospheric phageome of the wild plant species Moringa oleifera"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Ruba A.","family":"Ashy","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rewaa S.","family":"Jalal","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hana S.","family":"Sonbol","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mashael D.","family":"Alqahtani","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatmah O.","family":"Sefrji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sahar A.","family":"Alshareef","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fatimah M.","family":"Alshehrei","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Haneen W.","family":"Abuauf","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lina","family":"Baz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Manal A.","family":"Tashkandi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Israa J.","family":"Hakeem","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mohammed Y.","family":"Refai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Aala A.","family":"Abulfaraj","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,5,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00959","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00959-19","article-title":"In Vitro activity of rifampin, rifabutin, rifapentine, and rifaximin against planktonic and biofilm states of staphylococci isolated from periprosthetic joint infection","volume":"63","author":"Albano","year":"2019","journal-title":"Antimicrob. 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