{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,15]],"date-time":"2026-03-15T16:41:07Z","timestamp":1773592867196,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":72,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686182400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>Cold-blooded hosts, particularly exotic frogs, have become a newly recognized reservoir for atypical <jats:italic>Brucella<\/jats:italic> species and strains worldwide, but their pathogenicity to humans remains largely unknown. Here we report the isolation and molecular characterization of a <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> strain (FO700662) cultured from clinical samples taken from a captive diseased White\u2019s Tree Frog (<jats:italic>Litoria caerulea<\/jats:italic>) in Switzerland. The isolation of <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> from a frog along with other reports of human infection by atypical Brucella raises the question of whether atypical Brucella could pose a risk to human health and deserves further attention.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The investigations included histopathological analysis of the frog, bacterial culture and in-depth molecular characterization of strain FO700662 based on genome sequencing data.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results and Discussion<\/jats:title><jats:p>Originally identified as <jats:italic>Ochrobactrum<\/jats:italic> based on its rapid growth and biochemical profile, strain FO700622 was positive for the <jats:italic>Brucella-<\/jats:italic> specific markers <jats:italic>bcsp31<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>IS711<\/jats:italic>. It showed the specific banding pattern of <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> in conventional Bruce-ladder multiplex PCR and also had identical 16S rRNA and recA gene sequences as <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic>. Subsequent genome sequencing followed by core genome-based MLST (cgMLST) analysis using 2704 targets (74% of the total chromosome) revealed only 173 allelic differences compared to the type strain of <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> BO1<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup>, while previously considered the closest related strain BO2 differed in 2046 alleles. The overall average nucleotide identity (ANI) between the type strain BO1<jats:sup>T<\/jats:sup> and FO700622 was 99,89%, confirming that both strains were almost identical. In <jats:italic>silico<\/jats:italic> MLST-21 and MLVA-16 also identified strain FO700662 as <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic>. The nucleotide and amino acid-based phylogenetic reconstruction and comparative genome analysis again placed the isolate together with <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic> with 100% support. In conclusion, our data unequivocally classified strain FO700622, isolated from an exotic frog, as belonging to <jats:italic>B. inopinata<\/jats:italic>.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173252","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]],"date-time":"2023-06-08T05:57:24Z","timestamp":1686203844000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Isolation of Brucella inopinata from a White\u2019s tree frog (Litoria caerulea): pose exotic frogs a potential risk to human health?"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Holger C.","family":"Scholz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kim O.","family":"Heckers","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sandra","family":"Appelt","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dorothee","family":"Geier-D\u00f6mling","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Patrick","family":"Schlegel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alice R.","family":"Wattam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"44420","DOI":"10.1038\/srep44420","article-title":"Brucella spp. of amphibians comprise genomically diverse motile strains competent for replication in macrophages and survival in mammalian hosts","volume":"7","author":"Al Dahouk","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. 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