{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,13]],"date-time":"2026-04-13T14:41:38Z","timestamp":1776091298762,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1682467200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p>The development of abnormal feather-pecking (FP) behavior, where laying hens display harmful pecks in conspecifics, is multifactorial and has been linked to the microbiota-gut-brain axis. Antibiotics affect the gut microbial composition, leading to gut-brain axis imbalance and behavior and physiology changes in many species. However, it is not clear whether intestinal dysbacteriosis can induce the development of damaging behavior, such as FP. The restorative effects of <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32<\/jats:italic> against intestinal dysbacteriosis-induced alternations need to be determined either. The current investigation aimed to induce intestinal dysbacteriosis in laying hens by supplementing their diet with the antibiotic lincomycin hydrochloride. The study revealed that antibiotic exposure resulted in decreased egg production performance and an increased tendency toward severe feather-pecking (SFP) behavior in laying hens. Moreover, intestinal and blood-brain barrier functions were impaired, and 5-HT metabolism was inhibited. However, treatment with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32<\/jats:italic> following antibiotic exposure significantly alleviated the decline in egg production performance and reduced SFP behavior. <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32<\/jats:italic> supplementation restored the profile of the gut microbial community, and showed a strong positive effect by increasing the expression of tight junction proteins in the ileum and hypothalamus and promoting the expression of genes related to central 5-HT metabolism. The correlation analysis revealed that probiotic-enhanced bacteria were positively correlated, and probiotic-reduced bacteria were negatively correlated with tight junction-related gene expression, and 5-HT metabolism, and butyric acid levels. Overall, our findings indicate that dietary supplementation with <jats:italic>Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32<\/jats:italic> can reduce antibiotic-induced FP in laying hens and is a promising treatment to improve the welfare of domestic birds.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173804","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T06:31:49Z","timestamp":1682490709000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Restorative effects of Lactobacillus rhamnosus LR-32 on the gut microbiota, barrier integrity, and 5-HT metabolism in reducing feather-pecking behavior in laying hens with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Chenxuan","family":"Huang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Qiaoxian","family":"Yue","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Li","family":"Sun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Keqian","family":"Di","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Duanli","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Erying","family":"Hao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Dehe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yifan","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lei","family":"Shi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rongyan","family":"Zhou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Guoxian","family":"Zhao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hui","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"126","DOI":"10.1152\/physiologyonline.2001.16.3.126","article-title":"Molecular structure of tight junctions and their role in epithelial transport.","volume":"16","author":"Anderson","year":"2001","journal-title":"Physiology"},{"key":"B2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2013.08.001","article-title":"Physiological and functional characteristics of Propionibacterium strains of the poultry microbiota and relevance for the development of probiotic products.","volume":"23","author":"Arga\u00f1araz-Mart\u00ednez","year":"2013","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"B3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/life11080764","article-title":"Protective effects of probiotics on cognitive and motor functions, anxiety level, visceral sensitivity, oxidative stress and microbiota in mice with antibiotic-induced dysbiosis.","volume":"11","author":"Arslanova","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.7120\/09627286.26.3.355","article-title":"Feather-pecking and injurious pecking in organic laying hens in 107 flocks from eight European countries.","volume":"26","author":"Bestman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anim. Welf."},{"key":"B5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3009","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pey167","article-title":"Differences in cecal microbiome of selected high and low feather-pecking laying hens.","volume":"97","author":"Birkl","year":"2018","journal-title":"Poul. Sci."},{"key":"B6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mod.2015.07.007","article-title":"Formation and maintenance of the BBB.","volume":"138","author":"Blanchette","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mech. Dev."},{"key":"B7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2009.03.021","article-title":"Effects of genetic group selection against mortality on behavior and peripheral serotonin in domestic laying hens with trimmed and intact beaks.","volume":"97","author":"Bolhuis","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/life11030235","article-title":"Gut microbial composition and predicted functions are not associated with feather pecking and antagonistic behavior in laying hens.","volume":"11","author":"Borda-Molina","year":"2021","journal-title":"Life"},{"key":"B9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1007\/978-1-4939-0897-4_17","article-title":"The impact of microbiota on brain and behavior: Mechanisms & therapeutic potential.","volume":"817","author":"Borre","year":"2014","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"B10","author":"Carrero","year":"2021","journal-title":"The effects of tryptophan and probiotic treatment on behavior and production parameters of laying hens."},{"key":"B11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2018.12.014","article-title":"Antibiotics and the nervous system: More than just the microbes?","volume":"77","author":"Champagne-Jorgensen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12010093","article-title":"Gut microbiota implications for health and welfare in farm animals: A review.","volume":"12","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1007\/s12602-022-09923-7","article-title":"Effects of Dietary Supplementation with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bacillus subtilis on Mucosal Immunity and intestinal barrier are associated with its modulation of gut metabolites and microbiota in late-phase laying hens.","author":"Chen","year":"2022","journal-title":"Probiotics Antimicrob. Proteins"},{"key":"B14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.applanim.2020.105176","article-title":"Effects of in ovo injection of serotonin on behavior and hypothalamic genes expression in post hatch-chicks.","volume":"234","author":"Chenxuan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Appl. Anim. Behav. Sci."},{"key":"B15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3346","article-title":"Mind-altering microorganisms: The impact of the gut microbiota on brain and behaviour.","volume":"13","author":"Cryan","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"B16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043074","article-title":"Antibiotic-therapy-induced gut dysbiosis affecting gut microbiota\u2014brain Axis and cognition: Restoration by intake of probiotics and synbiotics.","volume":"24","author":"Dahiya","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Mol. Sci."},{"key":"B17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2015.00006","article-title":"Individual consistency of feather pecking behavior in laying hens: Once a feather pecker always a feather pecker?","volume":"2","author":"Daigle","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2052.2008.01821.x","article-title":"Variation in neighbouring genes of the dopaminergic and serotonergic systems affects feather pecking behaviour of laying hens.","volume":"40","author":"Flisikowski","year":"2009","journal-title":"Anim. Genet."},{"key":"B19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12040657","article-title":"Mechanisms of blood\u2013brain barrier protection by microbiota-derived short-chain fatty acids.","volume":"12","author":"Fock","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cells"},{"key":"B20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"105","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scib.2017.01.001","article-title":"Effect of feeding Lactobacillus plantarum P-8 on the faecal microbiota of broiler chickens exposed to lincomycin.","volume":"62","author":"Gao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Bull."},{"key":"B21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2185","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2019.11.040","article-title":"Melatonin regulates the ovarian function and enhances follicle growth in aging laying hens via activating the mammalian target of rapamycin pathway.","volume":"99","author":"Hao","year":"2020","journal-title":"Poul. Sci."},{"key":"B22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2022.853954","article-title":"Intestinal mucosal immunity-mediated modulation of the gut microbiome by oral delivery of enterococcus faecium against Salmonella enteritidis pathogenesis in a laying hen model.","volume":"13","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"B23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"186","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2015.03.016","article-title":"Altered fecal microbiota composition in patients with major depressive disorder.","volume":"48","author":"Jiang","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s40104-020-0433-7","article-title":"Salmonella Typhimurium infection disrupts but continuous feeding of Bacillus based probiotic restores gut microbiota in infected hens.","volume":"11","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Anim. Sci. Biotechnol."},{"key":"B25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e00600","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00600-20","article-title":"The gut microbiota of laying hens and its manipulation with prebiotics and probiotics to enhance gut health and food safety.","volume":"86","author":"Khan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"B26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"370","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2008.10.023","article-title":"Adrenal reactivity in lines of domestic fowl selected on feather pecking behavior.","volume":"96","author":"Kjaer","year":"2009","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B27","article-title":"Applied scoring of integument and health in laying hens","author":"Kjaer","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proceedings of the 7th European Symposium on Poultry Welfare"},{"key":"B28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2013.07.007","article-title":"Effects of feather pecking phenotype (severe feather peckers, victims and non-peckers) on serotonergic and dopaminergic activity in four brain areas of laying hens (Gallus gallus domesticus).","volume":"120","author":"Kops","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/ncomms15062","article-title":"Low-dose penicillin in early life induces long-term changes in murine gut microbiota, brain cytokines and behavior.","volume":"8","author":"Leclercq","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"B30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"70","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2016.03.031","article-title":"Sodium butyrate exerts neuroprotective effects by restoring the blood-brain barrier in traumatic brain injury mice.","volume":"1642","author":"Li","year":"2016","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"B31","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fvets.2021.736739","article-title":"Biological function of short-chain fatty acids and its regulation on intestinal health of poultry.","volume":"8","author":"Liu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Vet. Sci."},{"key":"B32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cyto.2008.01.006","article-title":"LPS\/TLR4 signal transduction pathway.","volume":"42","author":"Lu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cytokine"},{"key":"B33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"591","DOI":"10.1080\/00439339.2020.1772024","article-title":"Nutritional approaches to reduce or prevent feather pecking in laying hens: Any potential to intervene during rearing?","volume":"76","author":"Mens","year":"2020","journal-title":"World\u2019s Poul. Sci. J."},{"key":"B34","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2012.12.017","article-title":"Differences in intestinal microbial metabolites in laying hens with high and low levels of repetitive feather-pecking behavior.","volume":"11","author":"Meyer","year":"2013","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani12050545","article-title":"Alterations in intestinal antioxidant and immune function and cecal microbiota of laying hens fed on coated sodium butyrate supplemented diets.","volume":"12","author":"Miao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-96615-x","article-title":"Ingestion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus modulates chronic stress-induced feather pecking in chickens.","volume":"11","author":"Mindus","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2022.969752","article-title":"eQTL analysis of laying hens divergently selected for feather pecking identifies KLF14 as a potential key regulator for this behavioral disorder.","volume":"13","author":"Mott","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"B38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1023\/a:1005565708038","article-title":"Experimental ulcerative colitis impairs antioxidant defense system in rat intestine.","volume":"45","author":"Nieto","year":"2000","journal-title":"Dig. Dis. Sci."},{"key":"B39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms6040107","article-title":"Leaky gut, leaky brain?","volume":"6","author":"Obrenovich","year":"2018","journal-title":"Microorganisms"},{"key":"B40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-323-24485-5.00338-7","article-title":"Lincomycin hydrochloride, Lincomycin hydrochloride monohydrate","author":"Papich","year":"2016","journal-title":"Saunders handbook of veterinary drugs"},{"key":"B41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"3123","DOI":"10.1093\/bioinformatics\/btu494","article-title":"STAMP: Statistical analysis of taxonomic and functional profiles.","volume":"30","author":"Parks","year":"2014","journal-title":"Bioinformatics"},{"key":"B42","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani10010103","article-title":"Composition and function of chicken gut microbiota.","volume":"10","author":"Rychlik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B43","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chom.2015.04.011","article-title":"Control of brain development, function, and behavior by the microbiome.","volume":"17","author":"Sampson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Host Microbe"},{"key":"B44","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-017-3625-6","article-title":"Perturbation of microbiota in one-day old broiler chickens with antibiotic for 24 hours negatively affects intestinal immune development.","volume":"18","author":"Schokker","year":"2017","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"B45","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"521","DOI":"10.2754\/avb200473040521","article-title":"Feather pecking in laying hens: Environmental and endogenous factors.","volume":"73","author":"Sedla\u010dkov\u00e1","year":"2004","journal-title":"Acta Vet. Brno."},{"key":"B46","author":"Sullivan","year":"2020","journal-title":"A Study of the Efficacy of Probiotic Supplementation to Reduce Aggressive Feather Pecking Behavior in Laying Hens."},{"key":"B47","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.11.032","article-title":"Antibiotic-induced microbiome depletion in adult mice disrupts blood-brain barrier and facilitates brain infiltration of monocytes after bone-marrow transplantation.","volume":"92","author":"Sun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"B48","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-02088-3","article-title":"Inclusion of Lactobacillus salivarius strain revealed a positive effect on improving growth performance, fecal microbiota and immunological responses in chicken.","volume":"203","author":"Sureshkumar","year":"2021","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"B49","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1629","DOI":"10.3382\/ps.2010-01292","article-title":"Effects of genetic origin and social environment on behavioral response to manual restraint and monoamine functioning in laying hens.","volume":"90","author":"Uitdehaag","year":"2011","journal-title":"Poul. Sci."},{"key":"B50","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7009","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez336","article-title":"Differences in gut microbiota composition of laying hen lines divergently selected on feather pecking.","volume":"98","author":"van der Eijk","year":"","journal-title":"Poul. Sci."},{"key":"B51","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2019.112680","article-title":"Chicken lines divergently selected on feather pecking differ in immune characteristics.","volume":"212","author":"van der Eijk","year":"","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"B52","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-018-20752-z","article-title":"Lactobacillus plantarum restores intestinal permeability disrupted by Salmonella infection in newly-hatched chicks.","volume":"8","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"B53","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1186\/s13041-021-00759-w","article-title":"Antibiotics-induced intestinal dysbacteriosis caused behavioral alternations and neuronal activation in different brain regions in mice.","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Brain"},{"key":"B54","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresbull.2020.08.017","article-title":"Gut microbiome improves postoperative cognitive function by decreasing permeability of the blood-brain barrier in aged mice.","volume":"164","author":"Wen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Res. Bull."},{"key":"B55","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5361","DOI":"10.3382\/ps\/pez357","article-title":"Gut microbiota dysbiosis increases the risk of visceral gout in goslings through translocation of gut-derived lipopolysaccharide.","volume":"98","author":"Xi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psj.2023.102658","article-title":"Dietary sodium butyrate improves female broiler breeder performance and offspring immune function by enhancing maternal intestinal barrier and microbiota.","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B57","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1186\/s12917-020-2264-3","article-title":"Effects of Lactobacillus plantarum on intestinal integrity and immune responses of egg-laying chickens infected with Clostridium perfringens under the free-range or the specific pathogen free environment.","volume":"16","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"BMC Vet. Res."},{"key":"B58","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1080\/00071668.2021.2008312","article-title":"Short-chain fatty acids promote jejunal barrier function and caecal muscle contractibility in laying hens ex vivo.","volume":"63","author":"Yosi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Br. Poult. Sci."},{"key":"B59","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2021.10.046","article-title":"The role of the host microbiome in autism and neurodegenerative disorders and effect of epigenetic procedures in the brain functions.","volume":"132","author":"Yousefi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"B60","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1641","DOI":"10.1002\/bmc.3192","article-title":"Determination of free serotonin and its metabolite 5-HIAA in blood human samples with consideration to pre-analytical factors.","volume":"28","author":"Yubero-Lahoz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biomed. Chromatogr."},{"key":"B61","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.3390\/ani11061523","article-title":"Modulatory effects of bacillus subtilis on the performance, morphology, cecal microbiota and gut barrier function of laying hens.","volume":"11","author":"Zhang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Animals"},{"key":"B62","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2019.108621","article-title":"Xiaoyaosan improves depressive-like behavior in rats with chronic immobilization stress through modulation of the gut microbiota.","volume":"112","author":"Zhu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173804\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]],"date-time":"2023-04-26T06:31:56Z","timestamp":1682490716000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173804\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"references-count":62,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173804"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1173804","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,4,26]]},"article-number":"1173804"}}