{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T07:25:42Z","timestamp":1792049142665,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":41,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1688601600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2021YFC2301000"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2301000"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:p><jats:italic>Clostridium perfringens<\/jats:italic> (<jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic>) is a significant foodborne pathogen and a common cause of intestinal diseases in both animals and humans. Our study investigated MLST, phenotypic antimicrobial resistance profiles, and resistance genes among isolates from human, animal and food. 186 <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> isolates were obtained from nine provinces in China between 2013 and 2021. Additionally, some specific ST complexes were analyzed by cgMLST and cgSNP to investigate genetic relatedness. MLST indicated the most prevalent STs of <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> of human and animal origin were as follows: ST221 (5\/147), ST62 (4\/147), ST408 (4\/147), and ST493 (4\/147) were predominant in humans, while ST479 (5\/25) was the major type in animals. Within the same ST complex, genetically unrelated relationships or potential clustering\/transmission events were further recognized by cgMLST and cgSNP, illustrating that these two methods are valuable in defining outbreaks and transmission events. All tested isolates were susceptible to vancomycin and meropenem. The rates of resistance to metronidazole, penicillin, cefoxitin, moxifloxacin, and chloramphenicol were low (metronidazole: 1.08%; penicillin: 9.68%; cefoxitin: 0.54%; moxifloxacin: 6.45%; and chloramphenicol: 3.76%). Interestingly, 49.66% of human origin were clindamycin-resistant, and 18.2% were penicillin-insensitive. Importantly, the portion of MDR isolates was significantly lower than in previous reports. The study provides an overview of the epidemiological characteristics of <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> with different origins and hosts in China. <jats:italic>C. perfringens<\/jats:italic> demonstrated remarkable genetic diversity and distinct molecular features compared to antibiotic-resistance profiles from other studies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1195083","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T18:33:27Z","timestamp":1688668407000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Molecular characteristics and phylogenetic analysis of Clostridium perfringens from different regions in China, from 2013 to 2021"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Jia xin","family":"Zhong","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hao ran","family":"Zheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan yuan","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lu lu","family":"Bai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiao li","family":"Du","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yuan","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin xing","family":"Lu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6756","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-86148-8","article-title":"Comparative in silico genome analysis of Clostridium perfringens unravels stable phylogroups with different genome characteristics and pathogenic potential","volume":"11","author":"Abdel-Glil","year":"","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref2","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0053321","DOI":"10.1128\/Spectrum.00533-21","article-title":"Establishment of a publicly available Core genome multilocus sequence typing scheme for Clostridium perfringens","volume":"9","author":"Abdel-Glil","year":"","journal-title":"Microbiol. Spectr."},{"key":"ref3","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.36876\/aamb.1012","article-title":"Antibiotic resistance of Clostridium perfringens isolated from raw camel Milk in Isiolo County, Kenya","volume":"3","author":"Aliwa","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol. J."},{"key":"ref4","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1053","DOI":"10.1089\/mdr.2016.0277","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens type a isolates of animal origin with decreased susceptibility to metronidazole show extensive genetic diversity","volume":"23","author":"\u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez","year":"2017","journal-title":"Microb. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref5","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102473","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2021.102473","article-title":"Clonal diversity of Clostridium perfringens human clinical isolates with various toxin gene profiles based on multilocus sequence typing and alpha-toxin (PLC) typing","volume":"72","author":"Aung","year":"2021","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref6","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7792","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-44281-5","article-title":"Prevalence and characterization of Clostridium perfringens toxinotypes among patients with antibiotic-associated diarrhea in Iran","volume":"9","author":"Azimirad","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref7","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/865702","article-title":"Use of a multiplex PCR for the detection of toxin-encoding Genes netB and tpeL in strains of clostridium perfringens","volume":"2013","author":"Bailey","year":"2013","journal-title":"ISRN Vet. Sci."},{"key":"ref8","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"551","DOI":"10.3390\/biology11040551","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens associated with foodborne infections of animal origins: insights into prevalence, antimicrobial resistance, toxin genes profiles, and Toxinotypes","volume":"11","author":"Bendary","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biology"},{"key":"ref9","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1041","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.38.5.1041","article-title":"Cloning and sequence analysis of ermQ, the predominant macrolide-lincosamide-streptogramin B resistance gene in Clostridium perfringens","volume":"38","author":"Berryman","year":"1994","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref10","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"S46","DOI":"10.1097\/00013542-199712001-00024","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens in spontaneous and antibiotic-associated diarrhoea of man and other animals","volume":"8","author":"Carman","year":"1997","journal-title":"Rev. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref11","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102583","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2022.102583","article-title":"Anaerobic bloodstream infections in Italy (ITANAEROBY): a 5-year retrospective nationwide survey","volume":"75","author":"Di Bella","year":"2022","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref25","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"49","DOI":"10.1016\/S0196-4399(01)88009-0","article-title":"M100-S11, performance standards for antimicrobial susceptibility testing","volume":"23","author":"Ferraro","year":"2001","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Newsl."},{"key":"ref12","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.00276-21","article-title":"Update from the European committee on antimicrobial susceptibility testing (EUCAST)","volume":"60","author":"Giske","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref13","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.06.011","article-title":"Molecular genotyping, biofilm formation and antibiotic resistance of enterotoxigenic Clostridium perfringens isolated from meat supplied to school cafeterias in South Korea","volume":"52","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref14","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102235","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102235","article-title":"Prevalence, toxin-typing, and antimicrobial susceptibility of Clostridium perfringens from retail meats in Seoul, Korea","volume":"64","author":"Jang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref15","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.12688\/wellcomeopenres.14826.1","article-title":"Open-access bacterial population genomics: BIGSdb software, the PubMLST.org website and their applications","volume":"3","author":"Jolley","year":"2018","journal-title":"Wellcome Open Res."},{"key":"ref16","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1348-0421.2002.tb02706.x","article-title":"Design of Species-Specific Primers to identify 13 species of Clostridium harbored in human intestinal tracts","volume":"46","author":"Kikuchi","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Immunol."},{"key":"ref17","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2485","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2017.02485","article-title":"Probing genomic aspects of the multi-host pathogen Clostridium perfringens reveals significant Pangenome diversity, and a diverse Array of virulence factors","volume":"8","author":"Kiu","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref18","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1038\/s41426-018-0144-8","article-title":"An update on the human and animal enteric pathogen Clostridium perfringens","volume":"7","author":"Kiu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Emerg. Microb. Infect."},{"key":"ref19","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1086\/338260","article-title":"Health care costs and mortality associated with nosocomial diarrhea due to Clostridium difficile","volume":"34","author":"Kyne","year":"2002","journal-title":"Clin. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref20","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1186\/s12864-018-4771-1","article-title":"Whole genome analysis reveals the diversity and evolutionary relationships between necrotic enteritis-causing strains of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"19","author":"Lacey","year":"2018","journal-title":"BMC Genomics"},{"key":"ref21","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1080\/03079457.2016.1153799","article-title":"Genomic diversity of necrotic enteritis-associated strains of Clostridium perfringens: a review","volume":"45","author":"Lacey","year":"2016","journal-title":"Avian Pathol."},{"key":"ref22","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"208","DOI":"10.1128\/MMBR.00062-12","article-title":"Toxin plasmids of Clostridium perfringens","volume":"77","author":"Li","year":"2013","journal-title":"Microbiol. Mol. Biol. Rev."},{"key":"ref23","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"6345","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00668-09","article-title":"tISCpe8, an IS1595-family lincomycin resistance element located on a conjugative plasmid in Clostridium perfringens","volume":"191","author":"Lyras","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref24","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"2500","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.40.11.2500","article-title":"Genetic organization and distribution of tetracycline resistance determinants in Clostridium perfringens","volume":"40","author":"Lyras","year":"1996","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref26","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1469-0691.2011.03570.x","article-title":"Multidrug-resistant, extensively drug-resistant and pandrug-resistant bacteria: an international expert proposal for interim standard definitions for acquired resistance","volume":"18","author":"Magiorakos","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Microbiol. Infect."},{"key":"ref27","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"e0260667","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0260667","article-title":"A worldwide systematic review and meta-analysis of bacteria related to antibiotic-associated diarrhea in hospitalized patients","volume":"16","author":"Motamedi","year":"2021","journal-title":"PLoS One"},{"key":"ref28","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"99","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2017.02.017","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing analyses of Clostridium perfringens type a strains harboring tpeL and netB genes","volume":"44","author":"Nakano","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref29","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"25","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2015.11.003","article-title":"Diversity of Clostridium perfringens isolates from various sources and prevalence of conjugative plasmids","volume":"38","author":"Park","year":"2016","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref30","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"803","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-010-0605-5","article-title":"Phenotypic and genotypic characterization of tetracycline and minocycline resistance in Clostridium perfringens","volume":"192","author":"Park","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref31","article-title":"Pathogenesis and toxins expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme","author":"Rood","year":"2019"},{"key":"ref32","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2018.04.011","article-title":"Expansion of the Clostridium perfringens toxin-based typing scheme","volume":"53","author":"Rood","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref33","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"196","DOI":"10.1080\/23744235.2019.1696472","article-title":"The antibiotic susceptibility pattern of gas gangrene-forming Clostridium spp. clinical isolates from south-eastern Hungary","volume":"52","author":"Sarvari","year":"2020","journal-title":"Infect. Dis. (Lond)"},{"key":"ref34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"617","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-7020-4064-1.00049-X","article-title":"CHAPTER 49 - skin and soft-tissue infections","volume-title":"Antibiotic and chemotherapy","author":"Satyaprakash","year":"2010"},{"key":"ref35","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(01)00680-8","article-title":"Clostridium perfringens and foodborne infections","volume":"74","author":"Brynestad","year":"2002","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref36","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"102212","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anaerobe.2020.102212","article-title":"Multilocus sequence typing of Clostridium perfringens strains from neonatal calves, dairy workers and associated environment in India","volume":"63","author":"Verma","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anaerobe"},{"key":"ref37","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"4783","DOI":"10.2147\/IDR.S338593","article-title":"Prevalence and genetic diversity of Clostridium perfringens isolates in hospitalized diarrheal patients from Central China","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Infect. Drug Resist."},{"key":"ref38","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"7060","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.01486-12","article-title":"A wide variety of Clostridium perfringens type a food-borne isolates that carry a chromosomal cpe gene belong to one multilocus sequence typing cluster","volume":"78","author":"Xiao","year":"2012","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref39","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jgar.2021.08.003","article-title":"Antimicrobial resistance profiling and molecular typing of ruminant-borne isolates of Clostridium perfringens from Xinjiang, China","volume":"27","author":"Xiaoting","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Glob. Antimicrob. Resist."},{"key":"ref40","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"431","DOI":"10.1111\/zph.12831","article-title":"Tracing Clostridium perfringens strains along the chicken production chain from farm to slaughter by multilocus sequence typing","volume":"68","author":"Xu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Zoonoses Public Health"},{"key":"ref41","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"228","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.35.1.228-232.1997","article-title":"Molecular typing and epidemiological survey of prevalence of Clostridium perfringens types by multiplex PCR","volume":"35","author":"Yoo","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."}],"container-title":["Frontiers in Microbiology"],"original-title":[],"link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1195083\/full","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]],"date-time":"2023-07-06T18:33:31Z","timestamp":1688668411000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.frontiersin.org\/articles\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1195083\/full"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"references-count":41,"alternative-id":["10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1195083"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1195083","relation":{},"ISSN":["1664-302X"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1664-302X","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2023,7,6]]},"article-number":"1195083"}}