{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T17:06:49Z","timestamp":1792516009526,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":51,"publisher":"Frontiers Media SA","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1686614400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100007904","name":"Texas A and M University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100007904","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100010862","name":"West Texas A and M University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100010862","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":["frontiersin.org"],"crossmark-restriction":true},"short-container-title":["Front. Microbiol."],"abstract":"<jats:sec><jats:title>Introduction<\/jats:title><jats:p>The objectives of this study were to evaluate the impacts of two modified-live virus (MLV) vaccination protocols and respiratory disease (BRD) occurrence on the microbial community composition of the nasopharynx in feedlot cattle.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Methods<\/jats:title><jats:p>The treatment groups included in this randomized controlled trial included: 1) no viral respiratory vaccination (CON), 2) intranasal, trivalent, MLV respiratory vaccine in addition to a parenteral BVDV type I and II vaccine (INT), and 3) parenteral, pentavalent, MLV respiratory vaccination against the same agents (INJ). Calves (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 525) arrived in 5 truckload blocks and were stratified by body weight, sex, and presence of a pre-existing identification ear-tag. A total of 600 nasal swab samples were selected for DNA extraction and subsequent 16S rRNA gene sequencing to characterize the microbiome of the upper respiratory tract. Nasal swabs collected on d 28 from healthy cattle were used to evaluate the impact of vaccination on upper respiratory tract (URT) microbial communities.<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec><jats:sec><jats:title>Results<\/jats:title><jats:p>Firmicutes were less abundant in INT calves (<jats:italic>n<\/jats:italic> = 114; <jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05) and this difference was attributed to decreased relative abundance (RA) of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma spp<\/jats:italic>. (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> = 0.04). <jats:italic>Mannheimia<\/jats:italic> and <jats:italic>Pasteurella<\/jats:italic> had lower RA in INT (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). The microbiome in healthy animals on d 28 had increased Proteobacteria (largely <jats:italic>Moraxella<\/jats:italic> spp.) and decreased Firmicutes (comprised almost exclusively of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma spp.<\/jats:italic>) compared to animals that were treated for or died from BRD (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.05). Cattle that died had a greater RA of <jats:italic>Mycoplasma spp<\/jats:italic>. in their respiratory microbiome on d 0 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic> &amp;lt; 0.02). Richness was similar on d 0 and 28, but diversity increased for all animals on d 28 (<jats:italic>P<\/jats:italic>&amp;gt;0.05).<\/jats:p><\/jats:sec>","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1203498","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]],"date-time":"2023-06-13T04:34:57Z","timestamp":1686630897000},"update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3389\/crossmark-policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Effects of respiratory virus vaccination and bovine respiratory disease on the respiratory microbiome of feedlot cattle"],"prefix":"10.3389","volume":"14","author":[{"given":"Taylor B.","family":"McAtee","sequence":"first","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lee J.","family":"Pinnell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sherri A.","family":"Powledge","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Cory A.","family":"Wolfe","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul S.","family":"Morley","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"John T.","family":"Richeson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1965","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2023,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"B1","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","first-page":"1988","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.01988","article-title":"Evaluation of the nasopharyngeal microbiota in beef cattle transported to a feedlot, with a focus on lactic acid-producing bacteria","volume":"10","author":"Amat","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. 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